Kapitel 70 |
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Paper 70 |
Udviklingen Af Den Menneskelige Regering |
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The Evolution of Human Government |
70:0.1 (783.1) SÅ snart mennesket delvist havde løst problemet med at tjene til livets ophold, blev det konfronteret med opgaven med at regulere forholdet mellem mennesker. Udviklingen af industrien krævede lov, orden og social tilpasning; privat ejendom nødvendiggjorde en regering. |
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70:0.1 (783.1) NO SOONER had man partially solved the problem of making a living than he was confronted with the task of regulating human contacts. The development of industry demanded law, order, and social adjustment; private property necessitated government. |
70:0.2 (783.2) I en evolutionær verden er modsætninger naturlige, og fred kan kun sikres gennem en form for socialt reguleringssystem. Social regulering er uadskillelig fra social organisation; forening indebærer en eller anden kontrollerende myndighed. Regeringen tvinges til at koordinere modsætningerne mellem stammer, klaner, familier og individer. |
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70:0.2 (783.2) On an evolutionary world, antagonisms are natural; peace is secured only by some sort of social regulative system. Social regulation is inseparable from social organization; association implies some controlling authority. Government compels the co-ordination of the antagonisms of the tribes, clans, families, and individuals. |
70:0.3 (783.3) Regering er en ubevidst udvikling; den udvikler sig ved forsøg og fejl. Den har overlevelsesværdi, og derfor bliver den traditionel. Anarki forøgede elendigheden, og derfor opstod eller opstår der langsomt et styre, der kan sammenlignes med lov og orden. Tvangskravene i kampen for tilværelsen drev bogstaveligt talt menneskeheden langs den progressive vej til civilisation. |
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70:0.3 (783.3) Government is an unconscious development; it evolves by trial and error. It does have survival value; therefore it becomes traditional. Anarchy augmented misery; therefore government, comparative law and order, slowly emerged or is emerging. The coercive demands of the struggle for existence literally drove the human race along the progressive road to civilization. |
1. Krigens tilblivelse ^top |
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1. The Genesis of War ^top |
70:1.1 (783.4) Krig er det udviklende menneskes naturlige tilstand og arv; fred er den sociale målestok for civilisationens fremskridt. Før den delvise socialisering af de fremadstormende racer var mennesket ekstremt individualistisk, ekstremt mistænksomt og utroligt stridbart. Vold er naturens lov, fjendtlighed er den automatiske reaktion hos naturens børn, mens krig blot er de samme aktiviteter udført kollektivt. Og uanset hvor og hvornår civilisationens struktur bliver belastet af komplikationerne ved samfundets udvikling, er der altid en øjeblikkelig og ødelæggende tilbagevenden til disse tidlige metoder til voldelig justering af irritationerne ved menneskelige sammenslutninger. |
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70:1.1 (783.4) War is the natural state and heritage of evolving man; peace is the social yardstick measuring civilization’s advancement. Before the partial socialization of the advancing races man was exceedingly individualistic, extremely suspicious, and unbelievably quarrelsome. Violence is the law of nature, hostility the automatic reaction of the children of nature, while war is but these same activities carried on collectively. And wherever and whenever the fabric of civilization becomes stressed by the complications of society’s advancement, there is always an immediate and ruinous reversion to these early methods of violent adjustment of the irritations of human interassociations. |
70:1.2 (783.5) Krig er en dyrisk reaktion på misforståelser og irritationer; fred er en civiliseret løsning på alle sådanne problemer og vanskeligheder. Sangik-racen, sammen med de senere forringede Adamiter og Noditer, var alle krigeriske. Andoniterne lærte tidligt den gyldne regel, og selv i dag lever deres eskimoiske efterkommere i høj grad efter denne regel; skik og brug står stærkt blandt dem, og de er stort set fri for voldelige modsætninger. |
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70:1.2 (783.5) War is an animalistic reaction to misunderstandings and irritations; peace attends upon the civilized solution of all such problems and difficulties. The Sangik races, together with the later deteriorated Adamites and Nodites, were all belligerent. The Andonites were early taught the golden rule, and, even today, their Eskimo descendants live very much by that code; custom is strong among them, and they are fairly free from violent antagonisms. |
70:1.3 (783.6) Andon lærte sine børn at afgøre stridigheder ved, at de hver især slog et træ med en pind, mens de forbandede træet; den, hvis pind knækkede først, var sejrherren. De senere andoniter plejede at afgøre stridigheder ved at afholde et offentligt skue, hvor de stridende parter gjorde grin med og latterliggjorde hinanden, mens publikum afgjorde vinderen ved deres bifald. |
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70:1.3 (783.6) Andon taught his children to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the victor. The later Andonites used to settle disputes by holding a public show at which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the audience decided the winner by its applause. |
70:1.4 (783.7) Men krig som fænomen kunne ikke finde sted, indtil samfundet havde udviklet sig tilstrækkeligt langt til rent faktisk at have oplevet perioder med fred og før det kunne sanktionere krigeriske metoder. Selve begrebet krig indebærer en vis grad af organisation. |
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70:1.4 (783.7) But there could be no such phenomenon as war until society had evolved sufficiently far to actually experience periods of peace and to sanction warlike practices. The very concept of war implies some degree of organization. |
70:1.5 (784.1) Med fremkomsten af sociale grupperinger begyndte individuelle irritationer at drukne i gruppefølelser, og det fremmede freden inden for stammerne, men på bekostning af freden mellem stammerne. Freden blev således først nydt af den indre gruppe, eller stammen, som altid afskyede og hadede den ydre gruppe, de fremmede. Det tidlige menneske betragtede det som en dyd at udgyde fremmed blod. |
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70:1.5 (784.1) With the emergence of social groupings, individual irritations began to be submerged in the group feelings, and this promoted intratribal tranquillity but at the expense of intertribal peace. Peace was thus first enjoyed by the in-group, or tribe, who always disliked and hated the out-group, foreigners. Early man regarded it a virtue to shed alien blood. |
70:1.6 (784.2) Men selv dette fungerede ikke i starten. Når de tidlige høvdinge forsøgte at udrede misforståelser, fandt de det ofte nødvendigt, mindst en gang om året, at tillade stammens stenkampe. Klanen delte sig i to grupper og udkæmpede en kamp, der varede hele dagen. Og det var kun for sjov; de nød virkelig at slås. |
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70:1.6 (784.2) But even this did not work at first. When the early chiefs would try to iron out misunderstandings, they often found it necessary, at least once a year, to permit the tribal stone fights. The clan would divide up into two groups and engage in an all-day battle. And this for no other reason than just the fun of it; they really enjoyed fighting. |
70:1.7 (784.3) Krigsførelse fortsætter, fordi mennesket er udviklet fra et dyr, og alle dyr er krigeriske. Blandt de tidlige årsager til krig var: |
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70:1.7 (784.3) Warfare persists because man is human, evolved from an animal, and all animals are bellicose. Among the early causes of war were: |
70:1.8 (784.4) 1. Sult, hvilket førte til fødevaretogter. Knaphed på jord har altid medført krig, og under disse kampe blev de tidlige fredelige stammer praktisk talt udryddet. |
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70:1.8 (784.4) 1. Hunger, which led to food raids. Scarcity of land has always brought on war, and during these struggles the early peace tribes were practically exterminated. |
70:1.9 (784.5) 2. Knaphed på kvinder—et forsøg på at afhjælpe mangel på hushjælp. Kvinderøveri har altid forårsaget krig. |
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70:1.9 (784.5) 2. Woman scarcity—an attempt to relieve a shortage of domestic help. Woman stealing has always caused war. |
70:1.10 (784.6) 3. Forfængelighed—ønsket om at fremvise stammens tapperhed. Højerestående stammer ville kæmpe for at påtvinge deres levevis på laverestående folk. |
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70:1.10 (784.6) 3. Vanity—the desire to exhibit tribal prowess. Superior groups would fight to impose their mode of life upon inferior peoples. |
70:1.11 (784.7) 4. Slaver—behov for at skaffe arbejdskraft. |
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70:1.11 (784.7) 4. Slaves—need of recruits for the labor ranks. |
70:1.12 (784.8) 5. Hævn var motivet til krig, når en stamme mente, at en nærliggende stamme var skyldig i en stammekollegas død. Sorgen fortsatte, indtil et hoved blev bragt hjem. Krig for hævnens skyld stod i høj kurs helt frem til forholdsvis moderne tider. |
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70:1.12 (784.8) 5. Revenge was the motive for war when one tribe believed that a neighboring tribe had caused the death of a fellow tribesman. Mourning was continued until a head was brought home. The war for vengeance was in good standing right on down to comparatively modern times. |
70:1.13 (784.9) 6. Rekreation—krig blev betragtet som rekreation af de unge mænd i disse tidlige tider. Hvis der ikke opstod noget godt og tilstrækkelig påskud for krig, når freden blev trykkende, var tilstødende stammer vant til at gå ud i halv venskabelige kampe for at engagere sig i et plyndringstog som en ferie, for at nyde en fingeret kamp. |
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70:1.13 (784.9) 6. Recreation—war was looked upon as recreation by the young men of these early times. If no good and sufficient pretext for war arose, when peace became oppressive, neighboring tribes were accustomed to go out in semifriendly combat to engage in a foray as a holiday, to enjoy a sham battle. |
70:1.14 (784.10) 7. Religion—ønsket om at skaffe proselytter til kulten. Alle de primitive religioner sanktionerede krig. Det er kun i nyere tid at religionen er begyndt at fordømme krig. De tidlige præsteskaber var desværre normalt allieret med militærmagt. En af de store fredsbestræbelser i tiderne har været forsøget på at adskille kirke og stat. |
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70:1.14 (784.10) 7. Religion—the desire to make converts to the cult. The primitive religions all sanctioned war. Only in recent times has religion begun to frown upon war. The early priesthoods were, unfortunately, usually allied with the military power. One of the great peace moves of the ages has been the attempt to separate church and state. |
70:1.15 (784.11) Disse gamle stammer drog altid ud i krig på ordre af deres guder, på befaling af deres høvdinge eller medicinmænd. Hebræerne troede på en sådan “kampens gud”; og beretningen om deres angreb på midjanitterne er en typisk beretning om de gamle stammekrigens grusomme grusomheder; og dette angreb, med nedslagtningen af alle mænd og senere drab på alle drengebørn og alle kvinder, der ikke var jomfruer, ville have gjort ære på en stammehøvdings for to hundrede tusinde år siden. Og alt dette blev udført i “Herrens, Israels Guds navn.” |
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70:1.15 (784.11) Always these olden tribes made war at the bidding of their gods, at the behest of their chiefs or medicine men. The Hebrews believed in such a “God of battles”; and the narrative of their raid on the Midianites is a typical recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient tribal wars; this assault, with its slaughter of all the males and the later killing of all male children and all women who were not virgins, would have done honor to the mores of a tribal chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was executed in the “name of the Lord God of Israel.” |
70:1.16 (784.12) Dette er en fortælling om samfundets udvikling—den naturlige udmøntning af racernes problemer—mennesket, der udarbejder sin egen skæbne på jorden. Sådanne grusomheder er ikke tilskyndet af Guddommen, på trods af menneskets tendens til at lægge ansvaret over på sine guder. |
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70:1.16 (784.12) This is a narrative of the evolution of society—the natural outworking of the problems of the races—man working out his own destiny on earth. Such atrocities are not instigated by Deity, notwithstanding the tendency of man to place the responsibility on his gods. |
70:1.17 (784.13) Barmhjertighed i krig har været langsom i at komme til menneskeheden. Selv da en kvinde, Deborah, herskede over hebræerne, fortsatte de samme grusomheder i stor skala. Når hendes general havde vundet en sejr over hedningerne forårsagede han at “hele fjenden skulle falde for sværdet; til der ikke var én tilbage.” |
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70:1.17 (784.13) Military mercy has been slow in coming to mankind. Even when a woman, Deborah, ruled the Hebrews, the same wholesale cruelty persisted. Her general in his victory over the gentiles caused “all the host to fall upon the sword; there was not one left.” |
70:1.18 (785.1) Meget tidligt i menneskeslægtens historie blev forgiftede våben anvendt. Alle slags lemlæstelser blev praktiseret. Saul tøvede ikke med at kræve hundrede forhuder af filistrene som den medgift David skulle betale for hans datter Mikal. |
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70:1.18 (785.1) Very early in the history of the race, poisoned weapons were used. All sorts of mutilations were practiced. Saul did not hesitate to require one hundred Philistine foreskins as the dowry David should pay for his daughter Michal. |
70:1.19 (785.2) Tidligere krige blev udkæmpet mellem stammerne som helhed, men i senere tider, når to personer i forskellige stammer havde en tvist, udkæmpede de to stridende en duel i stedet for at begge stammer skulle i krig. Det blev også en skik for to hære at overlade afgørelsen til slutningen af kampen mellem en repræsentant valgt fra hver side, som i tilfældet med David og Goliat. |
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70:1.19 (785.2) Early wars were fought between tribes as a whole, but in later times, when two individuals in different tribes had a dispute, instead of both tribes fighting, the two disputants engaged in a duel. It also became a custom for two armies to stake all on the outcome of a contest between a representative chosen from each side, as in the instance of David and Goliath. |
70:1.20 (785.3) Den første forbedring af krigen var skikken at tage fanger. Derefter blev kvinder fritaget fra fjendtlighederne, og så kom anerkendelsen af nonkombattanter. Militære kaster og stående hære udviklede sig snart for at holde trit med den stigende kompleksitet i kampene. Sådanne krigere fik tidligt forbud mod at omgås kvinder, og kvinder er for længst holdt op med at kæmpe, selvom de altid har fodret og plejet soldaterne og tilskyndet dem til kamp. |
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70:1.20 (785.3) The first refinement of war was the taking of prisoners. Next, women were exempted from hostilities, and then came the recognition of noncombatants. Military castes and standing armies soon developed to keep pace with the increasing complexity of combat. Such warriors were early prohibited from associating with women, and women long ago ceased to fight, though they have always fed and nursed the soldiers and urged them on to battle. |
70:1.21 (785.4) Praksis med at erklære krig repræsenterede et stort fremskridt. Sådanne erklæringer om, at man havde til hensigt at kæmpe, var et tegn på, at man begyndte at føle sig retfærdig, og det blev efterfulgt af en gradvis udvikling af reglerne for “civiliseret” krigsførelse. Meget tidligt blev det skik ikke at kæmpe i nærheden af religiøse steder og endnu senere ikke at kæmpe på visse hellige dage. Dernæst kom den generelle anerkendelse af retten til asyl; politiske flygtninge fik beskyttelse. |
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70:1.21 (785.4) The practice of declaring war represented great progress. Such declarations of intention to fight betokened the arrival of a sense of fairness, and this was followed by the gradual development of the rules of “civilized” warfare. Very early it became the custom not to fight near religious sites and, still later, not to fight on certain holy days. Next came the general recognition of the right of asylum; political fugitives received protection. |
70:1.22 (785.5) Således udvikledes krigsførelse sig gradvist fra den primitive menneskejagt til den noget mere velordnet system i de senere tiders “civiliserede” nationer. Men kun langsomt fortrænger venlighed i stedet for fjendtlighed holdningen i samfundet. |
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70:1.22 (785.5) Thus did warfare gradually evolve from the primitive man hunt to the somewhat more orderly system of the later-day “civilized” nations. But only slowly does the social attitude of amity displace that of enmity. |
2. Den samfundsmæssige værdi af krig ^top |
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2. The Social Value of War ^top |
70:2.1 (785.6) I tidligere tider kunne en voldsom krig skabe sociale forandringer og gøre det lettere at indføre nye ideer, som ikke ville være opstået naturligt i løbet af 10.000 år. Den frygtelige pris, der blev betalt for disse krigsfordele, var, at samfundet midlertidigt blev kastet tilbage til vildskab; den civiliserede fornuft måtte give op. Krig er stærk medicin, meget dyr og meget farlig; selvom den ofte helbreder visse sociale lidelser, dræber den nogle gange patienten og ødelægger samfundet. |
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70:2.1 (785.6) In past ages a fierce war would institute social changes and facilitate the adoption of new ideas such as would not have occurred naturally in ten thousand years. The terrible price paid for these certain war advantages was that society was temporarily thrown back into savagery; civilized reason had to abdicate. War is strong medicine, very costly and most dangerous; while often curative of certain social disorders, it sometimes kills the patient, destroys the society. |
70:2.2 (785.7) Den konstante nødvendighed af nationalt forsvar skaber mange nye og avancerede sociale tilpasninger. Samfundet nyder i dag godt af en lang række nyttige innovationer, som oprindeligt var helt militære, og vi står endda i gæld til krigen for dansen, hvoraf en af de tidlige former var en militærøvelse. |
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70:2.2 (785.7) The constant necessity for national defense creates many new and advanced social adjustments. Society, today, enjoys the benefit of a long list of useful innovations which were at first wholly military and is even indebted to war for the dance, one of the early forms of which was a military drill. |
70:2.3 (785.8) Krig har haft en social værdi for tidligere civilisationer, fordi den: |
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70:2.3 (785.8) War has had a social value to past civilizations because it: |
70:2.4 (785.9) 1. Påtvunget disciplin, tvunget samarbejde. |
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70:2.4 (785.9) 1. Imposed discipline, enforced co-operation. |
70:2.5 (785.10) 2. Præmierede tapperhed og mod. |
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70:2.5 (785.10) 2. Put a premium on fortitude and courage. |
70:2.6 (785.11) 3. Fremmede og styrkede nationalisme. |
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70:2.6 (785.11) 3. Fostered and solidified nationalism. |
70:2.7 (785.12) 4. Tilintetgjorde svage og uegnede folk. |
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70:2.7 (785.12) 4. Destroyed weak and unfit peoples. |
70:2.8 (785.13) 5. Opløste illusionen om primitive lighed og selektivt lagdelte samfund. |
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70:2.8 (785.13) 5. Dissolved the illusion of primitive equality and selectively stratified society. |
70:2.9 (785.14) Krig har haft en vis evolutionær og selektiv værdi, men ligesom slaveri må den på et tidspunkt opgives, efterhånden som civilisationen langsomt skrider frem. Gamle krige fremmede rejser og kulturelt samkvem; disse formål er nu bedre tjent med moderne transport- og kommunikationsmetoder. Gamle krige styrkede nationer, men moderne kampe forstyrrer den civiliserede kultur. Oldtidens krigsførelse resulterede i decimering af mindreværdige folkeslag; nettoresultatet af moderne konflikter er en selektiv ødelæggelse af de bedste menneskelige ressourcer. Tidlige krige fremmede organisation og effektivitet, men det er nu blevet den moderne industris mål. I tidligere tider var krig en social gæring, som skubbede civilisationen fremad; dette resultat opnås nu bedre ved ambitioner og opfindelser. Oldtidens krigsførelse understøttede forestillingen om en slagets Gud, men det moderne menneske har fået at vide, at Gud er kærlighed. Krig har tjent mange værdifulde formål i fortiden, den har været et uundværligt stillads i opbygningen af civilisationen, men den er hurtigt ved at gå kulturelt fallit—ude af stand til at producere udbytte i form af social gevinst, der på nogen måde står mål med de frygtelige tab, der er forbundet med dens påkaldelse. |
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70:2.9 (785.14) War has had a certain evolutionary and selective value, but like slavery, it must sometime be abandoned as civilization slowly advances. Olden wars promoted travel and cultural intercourse; these ends are now better served by modern methods of transport and communication. Olden wars strengthened nations, but modern struggles disrupt civilized culture. Ancient warfare resulted in the decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of modern conflict is the selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted organization and efficiency, but these have now become the aims of modern industry. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed civilization forward; this result is now better attained by ambition and invention. Ancient warfare supported the concept of a God of battles, but modern man has been told that God is love. War has served many valuable purposes in the past, it has been an indispensable scaffolding in the building of civilization, but it is rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt—incapable of producing dividends of social gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its invocation. |
70:2.10 (786.1) På et tidspunkt troede lægerne på åreladning som en kur mod mange sygdomme, men de har siden opdaget bedre midler mod de fleste af disse lidelser. Og sådan må krigens internationale blodsudgydelser helt sikkert vige for opdagelsen af bedre metoder til at helbrede nationernes sygdomme. |
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70:2.10 (786.1) At one time physicians believed in bloodletting as a cure for many diseases, but they have since discovered better remedies for most of these disorders. And so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the discovery of better methods for curing the ills of nations. |
70:2.11 (786.2) Urantias nationer er allerede gået ind i den gigantiske kamp mellem nationalistisk militarisme og industrialisme, og på mange måder er denne konflikt analog med den evige kamp mellem hyrde-jægeren og bonden. Men hvis industrialismen skal sejre over militarismen, må den undgå de farer, der omgiver den. Farerne ved spirende industri på Urantia er: |
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70:2.11 (786.2) The nations of Urantia have already entered upon the gigantic struggle between nationalistic militarism and industrialism, and in many ways this conflict is analogous to the agelong struggle between the herder-hunter and the farmer. But if industrialism is to triumph over militarism, it must avoid the dangers which beset it. The perils of budding industry on Urantia are: |
70:2.12 (786.3) 1. Den stærke drift mod materialisme, åndelig blindhed. |
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70:2.12 (786.3) 1. The strong drift toward materialism, spiritual blindness. |
70:2.13 (786.4) 2. Tilbedelsen af rigdom-magt, værdiforvrængning. |
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70:2.13 (786.4) 2. The worship of wealth-power, value distortion. |
70:2.14 (786.5) 3. De luksuriøse laster, kulturel umodenhed. |
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70:2.14 (786.5) 3. The vices of luxury, cultural immaturity. |
70:2.15 (786.6) 4. De stigende farer ved lediggang, tjenestevillighedens ufølsomhed. |
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70:2.15 (786.6) 4. The increasing dangers of indolence, service insensitivity. |
70:2.16 (786.7) 5. Fremvæksten af uønsket racemæssig svaghed, biologisk forringelse. |
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70:2.16 (786.7) 5. The growth of undesirable racial softness, biologic deterioration. |
70:2.17 (786.8) 6. Truslen om standardiseret industrielt slaveri, personlighedsstagnation. Arbejde er forædlende men slid er nedbrydende. |
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70:2.17 (786.8) 6. The threat of standardized industrial slavery, personality stagnation. Labor is ennobling but drudgery is benumbing. |
70:2.18 (786.9) Militarisme er autokratisk og grusom—barbarisk. Det fremmer social organisation blandt erobrerne men opløser de besejrede. Industrialisme er mere civiliseret og det bør udvikles for at fremme initiativtagere og tilskynde individualisme. Samfundet bør på enhver mulig måde fremme originalitet. |
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70:2.18 (786.9) Militarism is autocratic and cruel—savage. It promotes social organization among the conquerors but disintegrates the vanquished. Industrialism is more civilized and should be so carried on as to promote initiative and to encourage individualism. Society should in every way possible foster originality. |
70:2.19 (786.10) Begå ikke den fejl at glorificere krig; se hellere, hvad den har gjort for samfundet, så du mere nøjagtigt kan visualisere, hvad dens erstatninger skal levere for at fortsætte civilisationens fremskridt. Og hvis der ikke findes sådanne passende erstatninger, kan du være sikker på, at krigen vil fortsætte længe. |
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70:2.19 (786.10) Do not make the mistake of glorifying war; rather discern what it has done for society so that you may the more accurately visualize what its substitutes must provide in order to continue the advancement of civilization. And if such adequate substitutes are not provided, then you may be sure that war will long continue. |
70:2.20 (786.11) Mennesket vil aldrig acceptere fred som en normal levevis, før det grundigt og gentagne gange er blevet overbevist om, at fred er bedst for dets materielle velfærd, og før samfundet klogt nok har sørget for fredelige erstatninger for tilfredsstillelsen af den iboende tendens til periodisk at slippe en kollektiv drift løs, der har til formål at frigøre de evigt akkumulerende følelser og energier, der tilhører selvopholdelsesdriften hos mennesket som art. |
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70:2.20 (786.11) Man will never accept peace as a normal mode of living until he has been thoroughly and repeatedly convinced that peace is best for his material welfare, and until society has wisely provided peaceful substitutes for the gratification of that inherent tendency periodically to let loose a collective drive designed to liberate those ever-accumulating emotions and energies belonging to the self-preservation reactions of the human species. |
70:2.21 (786.12) Men selv i forbifarten bør krig hædres som den erfaringsskole, der tvang en race af arrogante individualister til at underkaste sig en stærkt koncentreret autoritet—en øverste leder. Gammeldags krig udvalgte de medfødte store mænd til lederskab, men moderne krig gør det ikke længere. For at finde ledere må samfundet nu vende sig mod fredens erobringer: industri, videnskab og sociale præstationer. |
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70:2.21 (786.12) But even in passing, war should be honored as the school of experience which compelled a race of arrogant individualists to submit themselves to highly concentrated authority—a chief executive. Old-fashioned war did select the innately great men for leadership, but modern war no longer does this. To discover leaders society must now turn to the conquests of peace: industry, science, and social achievement. |
3. Menneskets første sammenslutninger ^top |
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3. Early Human Associations ^top |
70:3.1 (787.1) I det mest primitive samfund er flokken alt; selv børn er dens fælles ejendom. Den udviklende familie fortrængte flokken i børneopdragelsen, mens de nye klaner og stammer indtog dens plads som den sociale enhed. |
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70:3.1 (787.1) In the most primitive society the horde is everything; even children are its common property. The evolving family displaced the horde in child rearing, while the emerging clans and tribes took its place as the social unit. |
70:3.2 (787.2) Sexsult og moderkærlighed etablerer familien. Men en egentlig regering opstår ikke, før grupper større end familierne er begyndt at blive dannet. I flokkene i tiderne før familiens tilblivelse blev lederskabet varetaget af uformelt udvalgte individer. De afrikanske buskmænd har aldrig udviklet sig ud over dette primitive stadie; de har ikke høvdinge i flokken. |
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70:3.2 (787.2) Sex hunger and mother love establish the family. But real government does not appear until superfamily groups have begun to form. In the prefamily days of the horde, leadership was provided by informally chosen individuals. The African Bushmen have never progressed beyond this primitive stage; they do not have chiefs in the horde. |
70:3.3 (787.3) Familier blev forenet af blodsbånd i klaner, samlinger af slægtninge; og disse udviklede sig efterfølgende til stammer, territoriale samfund. Krigsførelse og ydre pres tvang stammeorganisationen ned over slægtskabsklanerne, men det var handel og erhverv, der holdt disse tidlige og primitive grupper sammen med en vis grad af intern fred. |
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70:3.3 (787.3) Families became united by blood ties in clans, aggregations of kinsmen; and these subsequently evolved into tribes, territorial communities. Warfare and external pressure forced the tribal organization upon the kinship clans, but it was commerce and trade that held these early and primitive groups together with some degree of internal peace. |
70:3.4 (787.4) Freden på Urantia vil blive fremmet langt mere af internationale handelsorganisationer end af alle de følelsesladede spidsfindigheder i visionær fredsplanlægning. Handelsforbindelser er blevet lettet af sprogets udvikling og af forbedrede kommunikationsmetoder såvel som af bedre transport. |
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70:3.4 (787.4) The peace of Urantia will be promoted far more by international trade organizations than by all the sentimental sophistry of visionary peace planning. Trade relations have been facilitated by development of language and by improved methods of communication as well as by better transportation. |
70:3.5 (787.5) Manglen på et fælles sprog har altid hæmmet væksten af fredsgrupper, men penge er blevet det universelle sprog for moderne handel. Det moderne samfund holdes i høj grad sammen af det industrielle marked. Gevinstmotivet er en mægtig civilsationsskaber, når det suppleres med ønsket om at tjene. |
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70:3.5 (787.5) The absence of a common language has always impeded the growth of peace groups, but money has become the universal language of modern trade. Modern society is largely held together by the industrial market. The gain motive is a mighty civilizer when augmented by the desire to serve. |
70:3.6 (787.6) I de tidlige tider var hver stamme omgivet af koncentriske cirkler af stigende frygt og mistænksomhed; derfor var det engang skik at dræbe alle fremmede og senere at gøre dem til slaver. Den gamle idé om venskab betød optagelse i klanen, og man troede, at klanmedlemskab overlevede døden—en af de tidligste forestillinger om evigt liv. |
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70:3.6 (787.6) In the early ages each tribe was surrounded by concentric circles of increasing fear and suspicion; hence it was once the custom to kill all strangers, later on, to enslave them. The old idea of friendship meant adoption into the clan; and clan membership was believed to survive death—one of the earliest concepts of eternal life. |
70:3.7 (787.7) Adoptionsceremonien bestod i at drikke hinandens blod. I nogle grupper blev der udvekslet spyt i stedet for blod, og det er den gamle oprindelse til det sociale kys. Og alle ceremonier, hvad enten det var ægteskab eller adoption, blev altid afsluttet med et festmåltid. |
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70:3.7 (787.7) The ceremony of adoption consisted in drinking each other’s blood. In some groups saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the ancient origin of the practice of social kissing. And all ceremonies of association, whether marriage or adoption, were always terminated by feasting. |
70:3.8 (787.8) Senere brugte man blod fortyndet med rødvin, og til sidst drak man vin alene for at forsegle adoptionsceremonien, som blev markeret ved, at man stødte vinbægrene sammen og fuldendte den ved at sluge drikken. Hebræerne brugte en modificeret form af denne adoptionsceremoni. Deres arabiske forfædre gjorde brug af den ed, der blev aflagt, mens kandidatens hånd hvilede på en indfødt stammemedlems kønsorgan. Hebræerne behandlede adopterede udlændinge venligt og broderligt. “Den fremmede, der bor hos jer, skal være som en, der er født iblandt jer, og I skal elske ham som jer selv.” |
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70:3.8 (787.8) In later times, blood diluted with red wine was used, and eventually wine alone was drunk to seal the adoption ceremony, which was signified in the touching of the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The Hebrews employed a modified form of this adoption ceremony. Their Arab ancestors made use of the oath taken while the hand of the candidate rested upon the generative organ of the tribal native. The Hebrews treated adopted aliens kindly and fraternally. “The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself.” |
70:3.9 (787.9) “Gæstevenskab” var en relation af midlertidig gæstfrihed. Når besøgende gæster tog af sted, blev et fad brækket midt over, og det ene stykke blev givet til den afrejsende ven, så det kunne tjene som en passende introduktion til en tredje part, der kunne ankomme på et senere besøg. Det var almindeligt, at gæsterne betalte for sig ved at fortælle historier om deres rejser og eventyr. Historiefortællerne fra gamle dage blev så populære, at de til sidst blev forbudt at optræde hverken i jagt- eller høstsæsonen. |
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70:3.9 (787.9) “Guest friendship” was a relation of temporary hospitality. When visiting guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the departing friend so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay their way by telling tales of their travels and adventures. The storytellers of olden times became so popular that the mores eventually forbade their functioning during either the hunting or harvest seasons. |
70:3.10 (788.1) De første fredstraktater var “blodbåndene.” Fredsambassadørerne fra to stridende stammer mødtes, hilste på hinanden og begyndte så at stikke i huden, indtil den blødte, hvorefter de sugede hinandens blod og erklærede fred. |
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70:3.10 (788.1) The first treaties of peace were the “blood bonds.” The peace ambassadors of two warring tribes would meet, pay their respects, and then proceed to prick the skin until it bled; whereupon they would suck each other’s blood and declare peace. |
70:3.11 (788.2) De tidligste fredsmissioner bestod af delegationer af mænd, der medbragte deres udvalgte jomfruer til seksuel tilfredsstillelse af deres tidligere fjender, idet den seksuelle appetit blev brugt til at bekæmpe krigstrangen. Den stamme, der blev hædret, kom på genvisit med sine jomfruer, og så var freden en realitet. Og snart blev ægteskaber mellem høvdingefamilierne sanktioneret. |
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70:3.11 (788.2) The earliest peace missions consisted of delegations of men bringing their choice maidens for the sex gratification of their onetime enemies, the sex appetite being utilized in combating the war urge. The tribe so honored would pay a return visit, with its offering of maidens; whereupon peace would be firmly established. And soon intermarriages between the families of the chiefs were sanctioned. |
4. Klaner og stammer ^top |
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4. Clans and Tribes ^top |
70:4.1 (788.3) Den første fredsgruppe var familien, så klanen, stammen og senere nationen, som til sidst blev til den moderne territorialstat. Det faktum, at de nuværende fredsgrupper for længst har udvidet sig ud over blodsbånd til at omfatte nationer, er meget opmuntrende, på trods af at Urantias nationer stadig bruger enorme summer på krigsforberedelser. |
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70:4.1 (788.3) The first peace group was the family, then the clan, the tribe, and later on the nation, which eventually became the modern territorial state. The fact that the present-day peace groups have long since expanded beyond blood ties to embrace nations is most encouraging, despite the fact that Urantia nations are still spending vast sums on war preparations. |
70:4.2 (788.4) Klanerne var blodsbåndsgrupper inden for stammen, og de var baseret på visse fælles interesser, som f.eks: |
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70:4.2 (788.4) The clans were blood-tie groups within the tribe, and they owed their existence to certain common interests, such as: |
70:4.3 (788.5) 1. Afstamning tilbage til en fælles forfader. |
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70:4.3 (788.5) 1. Tracing origin back to a common ancestor. |
70:4.4 (788.6) 2. Troskab til et fælles religiøst totem. |
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70:4.4 (788.6) 2. Allegiance to a common religious totem. |
70:4.5 (788.7) 3. Taler samme dialekt. |
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70:4.5 (788.7) 3. Speaking the same dialect. |
70:4.6 (788.8) 4. At dele en fælles boplads. |
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70:4.6 (788.8) 4. Sharing a common dwelling place. |
70:4.7 (788.9) 5. Frygter de samme fjender. |
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70:4.7 (788.9) 5. Fearing the same enemies. |
70:4.8 (788.10) 6. At have haft fælles krigsoplevelse. |
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70:4.8 (788.10) 6. Having had a common military experience. |
70:4.9 (788.11) Klanernes ledere var altid underordnet stammehøvdingen, og de tidlige stammesamfund er en løs sammenslutning af klaner. De indfødte i Australien udviklede aldrig en stamme styreform. |
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70:4.9 (788.11) The clan headmen were always subordinate to the tribal chief, the early tribal governments being a loose confederation of clans. The native Australians never developed a tribal form of government. |
70:4.10 (788.12) Klanernes fredshøvdinge regerede normalt gennem moderlinjen, mens stammekrigshøvdingene etablerede faderlinjen. Stammehøvdinges og tidlige kongers hof bestod af klanernes overhoveder, som det var skik at invitere til kongens tilstedeværelse flere gange om året. På den måde kunne han holde øje med dem og bedre sikre sig deres samarbejde. Klanerne tjente et værdifuldt formål i det lokale selvstyre, men de forsinkede i høj grad væksten af store og stærke nationer. |
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70:4.10 (788.12) The clan peace chiefs usually ruled through the mother line; the tribal war chiefs established the father line. The courts of the tribal chiefs and early kings consisted of the headmen of the clans, whom it was customary to invite into the king’s presence several times a year. This enabled him to watch them and the better secure their co-operation. The clans served a valuable purpose in local self-government, but they greatly delayed the growth of large and strong nations. |
5. Begyndelsen på en regering ^top |
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5. The Beginnings of Government ^top |
70:5.1 (788.13) Enhver menneskelig institution havde en begyndelse, og den civile regering er et produkt af progressiv evolution, lige så vel som ægteskab, industri og religion. Fra de tidlige klaner og primitive stammer udviklede der sig gradvist de forskellige former for menneskelig styring, som er kommet og gået helt frem til de former for social og civil regulering, som kendetegner den anden tredjedel af det tyvende århundrede. |
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70:5.1 (788.13) Every human institution had a beginning, and civil government is a product of progressive evolution just as much as are marriage, industry, and religion. From the early clans and primitive tribes there gradually developed the successive orders of human government which have come and gone right on down to those forms of social and civil regulation that characterize the second third of the twentieth century. |
70:5.2 (788.14) Med den gradvise fremkomst af familieenhederne blev grundlaget for regeringen etableret i klanorganisationen, grupperingen af blodsbeslægtede familier. Det første egentlige regeringsorgan var de ældstes råd. Denne regulerende gruppe bestod af gamle mænd, der havde udmærket sig på en eller anden effektiv måde. Visdom og erfaring blev tidligt værdsat, selv af barbariske mennesker, og der fulgte en lang periode med de ældres dominans. Dette alderens oligarki voksede gradvist ind i den patriarkalske idé. |
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70:5.2 (788.14) With the gradual emergence of the family units the foundations of government were established in the clan organization, the grouping of consanguineous families. The first real governmental body was the council of the elders. This regulative group was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in some efficient manner. Wisdom and experience were early appreciated even by barbaric man, and there ensued a long age of the domination of the elders. This reign of the oligarchy of age gradually grew into the patriarchal idea. |
70:5.3 (789.1) I det tidlige ældsteråd lå potentialet for alle statslige funktioner: udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende. Når rådet fortolkede de gældende skikke, var det en domstol; når det etablerede nye former for social brug, var det en lovgivende forsamling; i det omfang, sådanne dekreter og love blev håndhævet, var det den udøvende magt. Formanden for rådet var en af forløberne for den senere stammehøvding. |
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70:5.3 (789.1) In the early council of the elders there resided the potential of all governmental functions: executive, legislative, and judicial. When the council interpreted the current mores, it was a court; when establishing new modes of social usage, it was a legislature; to the extent that such decrees and enactments were enforced, it was the executive. The chairman of the council was one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief. |
70:5.4 (789.2) Nogle stammer havde kvindelige råd, og fra tid til anden havde mange stammer kvindelige herskere. Visse stammer af de røde mennesker bevarede Onamonalontons lære ved at følge den enstemmige regel i “de syv råds”. |
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70:5.4 (789.2) Some tribes had female councils, and from time to time many tribes had women rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of Onamonalonton in following the unanimous rule of the “council of seven.” |
70:5.5 (789.3) Det har været svært for menneskeheden at lære, at hverken fred eller krig kan styres af et debatsamfund. De primitive “palaver” var sjældent nyttige. Racen lærte tidligt, at en hær ledet af en gruppe klanledere ikke havde en chance mod en stærk enmandshær. Krig har altid været en kongemager. |
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70:5.5 (789.3) It has been hard for mankind to learn that neither peace nor war can be run by a debating society. The primitive “palavers” were seldom useful. The race early learned that an army commanded by a group of clan heads had no chance against a strong one-man army. War has always been a kingmaker. |
70:5.6 (789.4) I starten blev krigshøvdingene kun valgt til militær tjeneste, og de gav afkald på noget af deres autoritet i fredstid, hvor deres pligter var af mere social karakter. Men efterhånden begyndte de at gribe ind i fredsperioderne, og de havde en tendens til at fortsætte med at regere fra den ene krig til den næste. De sørgede ofte for, at der ikke gik for lang tid fra den ene krig til den anden. Disse tidlige krigsherrer var ikke glade for fred. |
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70:5.6 (789.4) At first the war chiefs were chosen only for military service, and they would relinquish some of their authority during peacetimes, when their duties were of a more social nature. But gradually they began to encroach upon the peace intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next. They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These early war lords were not fond of peace. |
70:5.7 (789.5) I senere tider blev nogle høvdinge valgt til andet end militærtjeneste, og de blev valgt på grund af usædvanlig fysik eller enestående personlige evner. De røde mennesker havde ofte to sæt høvdinge—sachemerne, eller fredshøvdingene, og de arvelige krigshøvdinge. Fredsherskerne var også dommere og lærere. |
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70:5.7 (789.5) In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than military service, being selected because of unusual physique or outstanding personal abilities. The red men often had two sets of chiefs—the sachems, or peace chiefs, and the hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also judges and teachers. |
70:5.8 (789.6) Nogle tidlige samfund blev styret af medicinmænd, som ofte fungerede som høvdinge. Én mand fungerede som præst, læge og øverste leder. Ofte havde de tidlige kongelige insignier oprindeligt været symboler eller emblemer for præsternes klædedragt. |
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70:5.8 (789.6) Some early communities were ruled by medicine men, who often acted as chiefs. One man would act as priest, physician, and chief executive. Quite often the early royal insignias had originally been the symbols or emblems of priestly dress. |
70:5.9 (789.7) Og det var med disse skridt, at den udøvende magt gradvist opstod. Klan- og stammerådene fortsatte i en rådgivende funktion og som forløbere for de senere optrædende lovgivende og dømmende grene. I Afrika i dag eksisterer alle disse former for primitive regeringer i praksis blandt de forskellige stammer. |
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70:5.9 (789.7) And it was by these steps that the executive branch of government gradually came into existence. The clan and tribal councils continued in an advisory capacity and as forerunners of the later appearing legislative and judicial branches. In Africa, today, all these forms of primitive government are in actual existence among the various tribes. |
6. Monarkisk regeringsform ^top |
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6. Monarchial Government ^top |
70:6.1 (789.8) Effektivt statsstyre kom først, da der kom en høvding med fuld udøvende myndighed. Mennesket fandt ud af, at en effektiv regering kun kunne opnås ved at give magt til en personlighed, ikke ved at give magt til en idé. |
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70:6.1 (789.8) Effective state rule only came with the arrival of a chief with full executive authority. Man found that effective government could be had only by conferring power on a personality, not by endowing an idea. |
70:6.2 (789.9) Herredømmet voksede ud af ideen om familiens autoritet eller rigdom. Når en patriarkalsk kongesøn blev en rigtig konge, blev han nogle gange kaldt “sit folks far.” Senere mente man, at konger var udsprunget af helte. Og endnu senere blev herredømmet arveligt på grund af troen på kongernes guddommelige oprindelse. |
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70:6.2 (789.9) Rulership grew out of the idea of family authority or wealth. When a patriarchal kinglet became a real king, he was sometimes called “father of his people.” Later on, kings were thought to have sprung from heroes. And still further on, rulership became hereditary, due to belief in the divine origin of kings. |
70:6.3 (789.10) Med arveligt kongedømme undgik man det anarki, som tidligere havde skabt så meget ravage mellem en konges død og valget af en efterfølger. Familien havde et biologisk overhoved; klanen en udvalgt naturlig leder; stammen og senere staten havde ingen naturlig leder, og det var endnu en grund til at gøre høvdingekongerne arvelige. Ideen om kongelige familier og aristokrati var også baseret på sædvanen med “navneejerskab” i klanerne. |
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70:6.3 (789.10) Hereditary kingship avoided the anarchy which had previously wrought such havoc between the death of a king and the election of a successor. The family had a biologic head; the clan, a selected natural leader; the tribe and later state had no natural leader, and this was an additional reason for making the chief-kings hereditary. The idea of royal families and aristocracy was also based on the mores of “name ownership” in the clans. |
70:6.4 (790.1) Kongerækken blev til sidst betragtet som overnaturlig, og man mente, at det kongelige blod strakte sig tilbage til tiden med prins Caligastias materialiserede personale. Derfor blev konger til fetich-personligheder, som man frygtede i ekstrem grad, og en særlig form for tale blev indført til brug ved hoffet. Selv i nyere tid troede man, at kongers berøring kunne helbrede sygdomme, og nogle folk på Urantia betragter stadig deres herskere som havende en guddommelig oprindelse. |
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70:6.4 (790.1) The succession of kings was eventually regarded as supernatural, the royal blood being thought to extend back to the times of the materialized staff of Prince Caligastia. Thus kings became fetish personalities and were inordinately feared, a special form of speech being adopted for court usage. Even in recent times it was believed that the touch of kings would cure disease, and some Urantia peoples still regard their rulers as having had a divine origin. |
70:6.5 (790.2) Den tidlige fetichkonge blev ofte holdt afsondret; han blev betragtet som for hellig til at blive set undtagen på festdage og hellige dage. Normalt blev der valgt en repræsentant til at efterligne ham, og det er oprindelsen til premierministre. Den første kabinetsembedsmand var en madadministrator; andre fulgte snart efter. Herskerne udnævnte snart repræsentanter til at stå for handel og religion, og udviklingen af et kabinet var et direkte skridt i retning af at afpersonalisere den udøvende magt. Disse assistenter for de tidlige konger blev den accepterede adel, og kongens kone steg gradvist til dronningens værdighed, efterhånden som kvinder blev værdsat højere. |
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70:6.5 (790.2) The early fetish king was often kept in seclusion; he was regarded as too sacred to be viewed except on feast days and holy days. Ordinarily a representative was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the origin of prime ministers. The first cabinet officer was a food administrator; others shortly followed. Rulers soon appointed representatives to be in charge of commerce and religion; and the development of a cabinet was a direct step toward depersonalization of executive authority. These assistants of the early kings became the accepted nobility, and the king’s wife gradually rose to the dignity of queen as women came to be held in higher esteem. |
70:6.6 (790.3) Skrupelløse herskere fik stor magt ved at opdage gift. Tidlig hofmagi var djævelsk; kongens fjender døde hurtigt. Men selv den mest despotiske tyran var underlagt visse restriktioner; han blev i det mindste holdt tilbage af den allestedsnærværende frygt for snigmord. Medicinmændene, heksedoktorerne og præsterne har altid været en stærk kontrol af kongerne. Efterfølgende udøvede jordejerne, aristokratiet, en begrænsende indflydelse. Og en gang imellem rejste klanerne og stammerne sig simpelthen og væltede deres despoter og tyranner. Afsatte herskere fik, når de blev dømt til døden, ofte mulighed for at begå selvmord, hvilket gav anledning til den gamle sociale mode med selvmord under visse omstændigheder. |
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70:6.6 (790.3) Unscrupulous rulers gained great power by the discovery of poison. Early court magic was diabolical; the king’s enemies soon died. But even the most despotic tyrant was subject to some restrictions; he was at least restrained by the ever-present fear of assassination. The medicine men, witch doctors, and priests have always been a powerful check on the kings. Subsequently, the landowners, the aristocracy, exerted a restraining influence. And ever and anon the clans and tribes would simply rise up and overthrow their despots and tyrants. Deposed rulers, when sentenced to death, were often given the option of committing suicide, which gave origin to the ancient social vogue of suicide in certain circumstances. |
7. Primitive klubber og hemmelige selvskaber ^top |
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7. Primitive Clubs and Secret Societies ^top |
70:7.1 (790.4) Blodsbånd bestemte de første grupper i samfundet; sammenslutninger udvidede den slægtskabs baserede klan. Ægteskaber mellem klaner var det næste skridt i udvidelsen af gruppen, og den multiforgrenede stamme som dette blev til var den første sande politiske enhed. Det næste fremskridt i den sociale udvikling var udviklingen af religiøse kulter og de politiske klubber. Disse optrådte først som hemmelige selskaber og var oprindeligt kun religiøse; senere blev de normgivende. Først var disse klubber kun for mænd; senere opstod kvindeklubber. Snart blev de opdelt i to klasser: socialpolitiske og religiøst mystiske. |
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70:7.1 (790.4) Blood kinship determined the first social groups; association enlarged the kinship clan. Intermarriage was the next step in group enlargement, and the resultant complex tribe was the first true political body. The next advance in social development was the evolution of religious cults and the political clubs. These first appeared as secret societies and originally were wholly religious; subsequently they became regulative. At first they were men’s clubs; later women’s groups appeared. Presently they became divided into two classes: sociopolitical and religio-mystical. |
70:7.2 (790.5) Der var mange grunde til at disse samfund var hemmelige. |
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70:7.2 (790.5) There were many reasons for the secrecy of these societies, such as: |
70:7.3 (790.6) 1. Frygt for at falde i unåde hos magthaverne på grund af overtrædelse af tabu. |
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70:7.3 (790.6) 1. Fear of incurring the displeasure of the rulers because of the violation of some taboo. |
70:7.4 (790.7) 2. Udnyttelse af ritualer i en minoritetsreligion. |
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70:7.4 (790.7) 2. In order to practice minority religious rites. |
70:7.5 (790.8) 3. Bevarelse af værdifulde “ånde” eller forretningshemmeligheder. |
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70:7.5 (790.8) 3. For the purpose of preserving valuable “spirit” or trade secrets. |
70:7.6 (790.9) 4. For at kunne nyde godt af en særlig fortryllelse eller magi. |
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70:7.6 (790.9) 4. For the enjoyment of some special charm or magic. |
70:7.7 (790.10) Selve hemmelighedskræmmeriet i disse samfund gav alle medlemmer en mystisk magt over resten af stammen. Hemmeligholdelse appellerer også til forfængelighed; de indviede var deres tids sociale aristokrati. Efter indvielsen gik drengene på jagt med mændene, mens de før havde samlet grøntsager med kvinderne. Og det var den største ydmygelse, en skændsel for stammen, ikke at bestå pubertetsprøverne og dermed blive tvunget til at forblive uden for mændenes bolig sammen med kvinder og børn, at blive betragtet som feminin. Desuden havde ikke-indviede ikke lov til at gifte sig. |
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70:7.7 (790.10) The very secrecy of these societies conferred on all members the power of mystery over the rest of the tribe. Secrecy also appeals to vanity; the initiates were the social aristocracy of their day. After initiation the boys hunted with the men; whereas before they had gathered vegetables with the women. And it was the supreme humiliation, a tribal disgrace, to fail to pass the puberty tests and thus be compelled to remain outside the men’s abode with the women and children, to be considered effeminate. Besides, noninitiates were not allowed to marry. |
70:7.8 (791.1) Primitive mennesker lærte meget tidligt deres teenagere sexkontrol. Det blev skik at tage drenge væk fra forældrene fra puberteten til ægteskabet, og deres uddannelse og træning blev overladt til mændenes hemmelige selskaber. Og en af de vigtigste funktioner for disse klubber var at holde styr på de unge mænd i puberteten og dermed forhindre uægte børn. |
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70:7.8 (791.1) Primitive people very early taught their adolescent youths sex control. It became the custom to take boys away from parents from puberty to marriage, their education and training being intrusted to the men’s secret societies. And one of the chief functions of these clubs was to keep control of adolescent young men, thus preventing illegitimate children. |
70:7.9 (791.2) Kommercialiseret prostitution begyndte, da disse mandeklubber betalte penge for brug af kvinder fra andre stammer. Men de tidligere grupper var bemærkelsesværdigt fri for seksuel løsagtighed. |
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70:7.9 (791.2) Commercialized prostitution began when these men’s clubs paid money for the use of women from other tribes. But the earlier groups were remarkably free from sex laxity. |
70:7.10 (791.3) Pubertetsindvielsesceremonien strakte sig normalt over en periode på fem år. Disse ceremonier indebar megen selvpineri og smertefulde snit. Omskæring blev først praktiseret som et indvielsesritual i et af disse hemmelige broderskaber. Stammemærkerne blev skåret på kroppen som en del af pubertetsindvielsen; tatoveringen opstod som et sådant tegn på medlemskab. Denne tortur, sammen med mange afsavn, var designet til at hærde disse unge, til at indprente dem livets virkelighed og dets uundgåelige trængsler. Dette formål opnås bedre ved de senere atletiske lege og fysiske konkurrencer. |
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70:7.10 (791.3) The puberty initiation ceremony usually extended over a period of five years. Much self-torture and painful cutting entered into these ceremonies. Circumcision was first practiced as a rite of initiation into one of these secret fraternities. The tribal marks were cut on the body as a part of the puberty initiation; the tattoo originated as such a badge of membership. Such torture, together with much privation, was designed to harden these youths, to impress them with the reality of life and its inevitable hardships. This purpose is better accomplished by the later appearing athletic games and physical contests. |
70:7.11 (791.4) DMen de hemmelige selskaber sigtede mod at forbedre de unges moral; et af hovedformålene med pubertetsceremonierne var at indprente drengen, at han skulle lade andre mænds koner være i fred. |
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70:7.11 (791.4) But the secret societies did aim at the improvement of adolescent morals; one of the chief purposes of the puberty ceremonies was to impress upon the boy that he must leave other men’s wives alone. |
70:7.12 (791.5) Efter disse års med streng disciplin og uddannelse blev de unge mænd normalt frigivet i en kort periode af fritid og frihed, lige før ægteskabet, hvorefter de vendte tilbage for at gifte sig og underkaste sig til stammeområderne tabuer for hele livet. Denne gamle skik har overlevet til moderne tider, som det tåbelige begreb om at “lukke trykket ud.” |
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70:7.12 (791.5) Following these years of rigorous discipline and training and just before marriage, the young men were usually released for a short period of leisure and freedom, after which they returned to marry and to submit to lifelong subjection to the tribal taboos. And this ancient custom has continued down to modern times as the foolish notion of “sowing wild oats.” |
70:7.13 (791.6) Mange senere stammer godkendte dannelsen af hemmelige kvindeklubber, hvis formål var at forberede unge piger på at blive hustruer og mødre. Efter indvielsen var pigerne egnede til ægteskab og fik lov til at deltage i “brudesfesten,” den tids introduktion til det sociale liv. Der opstod tidligt kvindeordener, som forpligtede sig til ikke at indgå ægteskab. |
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70:7.13 (791.6) Many later tribes sanctioned the formation of women’s secret clubs, the purpose of which was to prepare adolescent girls for wifehood and motherhood. After initiation girls were eligible for marriage and were permitted to attend the “bride show,” the coming-out party of those days. Women’s orders pledged against marriage early came into existence. |
70:7.14 (791.7) De ikke-hemmelige klubber opstod, da grupper af ugifte mænd og grupper af ugifte kvinder dannede deres egne organisationer. Disse foreninger var i virkeligheden de første skoler. Og mens mænds og kvinders klubber ofte forfulgte hinanden, eksperimenterede nogle avancerede stammer, efter kontakt med Dalamatia-lærerne, med fællesundervisning og havde kostskoler for begge køn. |
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70:7.14 (791.7) Presently nonsecret clubs made their appearance when groups of unmarried men and groups of unattached women formed their separate organizations. These associations were really the first schools. And while men’s and women’s clubs were often given to persecuting each other, some advanced tribes, after contact with the Dalamatia teachers, experimented with coeducation, having boarding schools for both sexes. |
70:7.15 (791.8) Hemmelige selskaber bidrog til opbygningen af sociale kaster, hovedsageligt på grund af deres mystiske indvielser. Medlemmerne af disse selskaber bar først masker for at skræmme nysgerrige væk fra deres sørgeritualer—tilbedelse af forfædre. Senere udviklede dette ritual sig til en pseudo-seance, hvor spøgelser efter sigende skulle have vist sig. De gamle samfund med “ny fødsel” brugte tegn og et særligt hemmeligt sprog; de forsagede også visse mad- og drikkevarer. De fungerede som natpoliti og havde ellers en bred vifte af sociale aktiviteter. |
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70:7.15 (791.8) Secret societies contributed to the building up of social castes chiefly by the mysterious character of their initiations. The members of these societies first wore masks to frighten the curious away from their mourning rites—ancestor worship. Later this ritual developed into a pseudo seance at which ghosts were reputed to have appeared. The ancient societies of the “new birth” used signs and employed a special secret language; they also forswore certain foods and drinks. They acted as night police and otherwise functioned in a wide range of social activities. |
70:7.16 (792.1) Alle hemmelige foreninger pålagde en ed, indskærpede fortrolighed og underviste i at holde på hemmeligheder. Disse ordener skræmte og kontrollerede pøblen; de fungerede også som vagtselskaber og praktiserede dermed lynchjustits. De var de første spioner, når stammerne var i krig, og det første hemmelige politi i fredstid. Bedst af alt holdt de skruppelløse konger på pinebænken. For at opveje dem fostrede kongerne deres eget hemmelige politi. |
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70:7.16 (792.1) All secret associations imposed an oath, enjoined confidence, and taught the keeping of secrets. These orders awed and controlled the mobs; they also acted as vigilance societies, thus practicing lynch law. They were the first spies when the tribes were at war and the first secret police during times of peace. Best of all they kept unscrupulous kings on the anxious seat. To offset them, the kings fostered their own secret police. |
70:7.17 (792.2) Disse samfund gav anledning til de første politiske partier. De første partier i samfundet bestod af “de stærke” vs. “de svage.” I oldtider fulgte et regeringsskifte kun efter en borgerkrig, hvilket var et tydeligt bevis på, at de svage var blevet stærke. |
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70:7.17 (792.2) These societies gave rise to the first political parties. The first party government was “the strong” vs. “the weak.” In ancient times a change of administration only followed civil war, abundant proof that the weak had become strong. |
70:7.18 (792.3) Disse klubber blev brugt af købmænd til at inddrive gæld og af magthavere til at inddrive skatter. Beskatning har været en lang kamp, og en af de tidligste former var tiende, en tiendedel af jagten eller byttet. Skatter blev oprindeligt opkrævet for at holde gang i kongens hus, men man fandt ud af, at de var lettere at opkræve, når de blev forklædt som et offer til støtte for tempeltjenesten. |
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70:7.18 (792.3) These clubs were employed by merchants to collect debts and by rulers to collect taxes. Taxation has been a long struggle, one of the earliest forms being the tithe, one tenth of the hunt or spoils. Taxes were originally levied to keep up the king’s house, but it was found that they were easier to collect when disguised as an offering for the support of the temple service. |
70:7.19 (792.4) Til sidst voksede disse hemmelige sammenslutninger ud til de første velgørende organisationer og udviklede sig til de tidlige tiders religiøse samfund—kirkernes forgængere. Til slut kom en del af disse sammenslutninger til at omfatte flere samfund, de første internationale broderskaber. |
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70:7.19 (792.4) By and by these secret associations grew into the first charitable organizations and later evolved into the earlier religious societies—the forerunners of churches. Finally some of these societies became intertribal, the first international fraternities. |
8. Samfundets klasser ^top |
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8. Social Classes ^top |
70:8.1 (792.5) Den mentale og fysiske ulighed mellem mennesker sikrer, at der vil opstå sociale klasser. De eneste verdener uden sociale lag er de mest primitive og de mest avancerede. En gryende civilisation har endnu ikke påbegyndt differentieringen af sociale niveauer, mens en verden etableret i lys og liv stort set har udslettet disse opdelinger af menneskeheden, som er så karakteristiske for alle mellemliggende evolutionære stadier. |
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70:8.1 (792.5) The mental and physical inequality of human beings insures that social classes will appear. The only worlds without social strata are the most primitive and the most advanced. A dawning civilization has not yet begun the differentiation of social levels, while a world settled in light and life has largely effaced these divisions of mankind, which are so characteristic of all intermediate evolutionary stages. |
70:8.2 (792.6) Da samfundet udviklede sig fra vildskab til barbari, havde dets menneskelige komponenter en tendens til at blive grupperet i klasser af følgende generelle årsager: |
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70:8.2 (792.6) As society emerged from savagery to barbarism, its human components tended to become grouped in classes for the following general reasons: |
70:8.3 (792.7) 1. Naturlige— nærkontakt, slægtskab og ægteskab; de første sociale forskelle var baseret på køn, alder, og blodbånd—slægtskab til høvdingen. |
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70:8.3 (792.7) 1. Natural—contact, kinship, and marriage; the first social distinctions were based on sex, age, and blood—kinship to the chief. |
70:8.4 (792.8) 2. Personlige—anerkendelse af evner, udholdenhed, dygtighed og udholdenhed; snart efterfulgt af anerkendelse af sprogbeherskelse, viden og generel intelligens. |
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70:8.4 (792.8) 2. Personal—the recognition of ability, endurance, skill, and fortitude; soon followed by the recognition of language mastery, knowledge, and general intelligence. |
70:8.5 (792.9) 3. Tilfældighed—krig og udvandring resulterede i adskillelse af menneskegrupper. Klasseudviklingen blev kraftigt påvirket af erobring, sejrherrens forhold til de besejrede, mens slaveriet skabte den første generelle opdeling af samfundet i frie og trælle. |
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70:8.5 (792.9) 3. Chance—war and emigration resulted in the separating of human groups. Class evolution was powerfully influenced by conquest, the relation of the victor to the vanquished, while slavery brought about the first general division of society into free and bond. |
70:8.6 (792.10) 4. Økonomisk—rige og fattige. Rigdom og besiddelse af slaver var et genetisk grundlag for én samfundsklasse. |
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70:8.6 (792.10) 4. Economic—rich and poor. Wealth and the possession of slaves was a genetic basis for one class of society. |
70:8.7 (792.11) 5. Geografiske— klasser opstod som følge af bosættelse i by eller på land. By og land har henholdsvis bidraget til differentieringen af hyrde-landmanden og handelsmanden-industrimanden med deres forskellige synspunkter og reaktioner. |
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70:8.7 (792.11) 5. Geographic—classes arose consequent upon urban or rural settlement. City and country have respectively contributed to the differentiation of the herder-agriculturist and the trader-industrialist, with their divergent viewpoints and reactions. |
70:8.8 (792.12) 6. Sociale— klasser er gradvist blevet dannet i overensstemmelse med den folkelige vurdering af forskellige gruppers sociale værdi. Blandt de tidligste opdelinger af denne slags var skillelinjerne mellem præster-lærere, herskere-krigere, kapitalist-handlende, almindelige arbejdere og slaver. Slaven kunne aldrig blive kapitalist, selvom lønarbejderen nogle gange kunne vælge at slutte sig til de kapitalistiske rækker. |
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70:8.8 (792.12) 6. Social—classes have gradually formed according to popular estimate of the social worth of different groups. Among the earliest divisions of this sort were the demarcations between priest-teachers, ruler-warriors, capitalist-traders, common laborers, and slaves. The slave could never become a capitalist, though sometimes the wage earner could elect to join the capitalistic ranks. |
70:8.9 (793.1) 7. Erhverv—når der blev flere og flere erhverv, var der en tendens til at etablere kaster og laug. Arbejderne delte sig i tre grupper: de professionelle klasser, herunder medicinmændene, derefter de faglærte arbejdere, efterfulgt af de ufaglærte arbejdere. |
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70:8.9 (793.1) 7. Vocational—as vocations multiplied, they tended to establish castes and guilds. Workers divided into three groups: the professional classes, including the medicine men, then the skilled workers, followed by the unskilled laborers. |
70:8.10 (793.2) 8. Religiøse—de tidlige kultklubber skabte deres egne klasser inden for klanerne og stammerne, og præsternes fromhed og mystik har længe foreviget dem som en separat social gruppe. |
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70:8.10 (793.2) 8. Religious—the early cult clubs produced their own classes within the clans and tribes, and the piety and mysticism of the priests have long perpetuated them as a separate social group. |
70:8.11 (793.3) 9. Race—tilstedeværelsen af to eller flere racer inden for en given nation eller territorial enhed skabte normalt kaster efter hudfarve. Det oprindelige kastesystem i Indien var baseret på hudfarve, hvilket også var tilfælde i det tidlige Egypten. |
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70:8.11 (793.3) 9. Racial—the presence of two or more races within a given nation or territorial unit usually produces color castes. The original caste system of India was based on color, as was that of early Egypt. |
70:8.12 (793.4) 10. Aldersbaserede— ungdom og modenhed. Blandt stammerne blev drengen passet af sin far, så længe faderen levede, mens pigen blev passet af sin mor, indtil hun blev gift. |
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70:8.12 (793.4) 10. Age—youth and maturity. Among the tribes the boy remained under the watchcare of his father as long as the father lived, while the girl was left in the care of her mother until married. |
70:8.13 (793.5) Fleksible og skiftende sociale klasser er uundværlige for en udviklende civilisation, men når klasse bliver kaste, når de sociale niveauer forstener, erstattes den øgede sociale stabilitet med en reduktion af det personlige initiativ. Sociale kaster løser problemet med at finde sin plads i industrien, men det begrænser også kraftigt den individuelle udvikling og forhindrer praktisk talt socialt samarbejde. |
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70:8.13 (793.5) Flexible and shifting social classes are indispensable to an evolving civilization, but when class becomes caste, when social levels petrify, the enhancement of social stability is purchased by diminishment of personal initiative. Social caste solves the problem of finding one’s place in industry, but it also sharply curtails individual development and virtually prevents social co-operation. |
70:8.14 (793.6) S Samfundsklasser, der er dannet naturligt, vil bestå, indtil mennesket gradvist opnår deres evolutionære udslettelse gennem intelligent manipulation af de biologiske, intellektuelle og åndelige ressourcer i en fremadskridende civilisation, såsom: |
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70:8.14 (793.6) Classes in society, having naturally formed, will persist until man gradually achieves their evolutionary obliteration through intelligent manipulation of the biologic, intellectual, and spiritual resources of a progressing civilization, such as: |
70:8.15 (793.7) 1. Biologisk renovering af racerne—selektiv eliminering af mindreværdige menneskelige stammer. Dette vil have en tendens til at udrydde mange dødelige uligheder. |
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70:8.15 (793.7) 1. Biologic renovation of the racial stocks—the selective elimination of inferior human strains. This will tend to eradicate many mortal inequalities. |
70:8.16 (793.8) 2. Uddannelsesmæssig uddannelse af den øgede hjernekapacitet, der vil opstå som følge af en sådan biologisk forbedring. |
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70:8.16 (793.8) 2. Educational training of the increased brain power which will arise out of such biologic improvement. |
70:8.17 (793.9) 3. Religiøs tilskyndelse til følelser af dødeligt slægtskab og broderskab. |
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70:8.17 (793.9) 3. Religious quickening of the feelings of mortal kinship and brotherhood. |
70:8.18 (793.10) Disse foranstaltninger kan kun bære deres sande frugter i de fjerne årtusinders fremtid, selv om mange sociale forbedringer bliver det umiddelbare resultat af en intelligent, klog, og tålmodig manipulation af disse accelerationsfaktorer for kulturelle fremskridt. Religion er den mægtige løftestang, der løfter civilisationen fra kaos, men den er magtesløs, hvis den ikke har et sundt og normalt sind, der hviler sikkert på sund og normal arvelighed som omdrejningspunkt. |
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70:8.18 (793.10) But these measures can bear their true fruits only in the distant millenniums of the future, although much social improvement will immediately result from the intelligent, wise, and patient manipulation of these acceleration factors of cultural progress. Religion is the mighty lever that lifts civilization from chaos, but it is powerless apart from the fulcrum of sound and normal mind resting securely on sound and normal heredity. |
9. Menneskerettigheder ^top |
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9. Human Rights ^top |
70:9.1 (793.11) Naturen giver ikke mennesket nogen rettigheder, kun livet og en verden, hvor det kan leves. Naturen giver ikke engang ret til at leve, som man kan udlede ved at overveje, hvad der sandsynligvis ville ske, hvis en ubevæbnet mand mødte en sulten tiger ansigt til ansigt i den primitive skov. Samfundets vigtigste gave til mennesket er sikkerhed. |
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70:9.1 (793.11) Nature confers no rights on man, only life and a world in which to live it. Nature does not even confer the right to live, as might be deduced by considering what would likely happen if an unarmed man met a hungry tiger face to face in the primitive forest. Society’s prime gift to man is security. |
70:9.2 (793.12) Gradvis vil samfundet hævde sine rettigheder, og på nuværende tidspunkt, er de: |
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70:9.2 (793.12) Gradually society asserted its rights and, at the present time, they are: |
70:9.3 (793.13) 1. Sikring af fødevareforsyningen. |
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70:9.3 (793.13) 1. Assurance of food supply. |
70:9.4 (793.14) 2. Militært forsvar—sikkerhed gennem beredskab. |
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70:9.4 (793.14) 2. Military defense—security through preparedness. |
70:9.5 (793.15) 3. Intern fredsbevarelse—forebyggelse af personlig vold og uorden i samfundet. |
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70:9.5 (793.15) 3. Internal peace preservation—prevention of personal violence and social disorder. |
70:9.6 (794.1) 4. Seksuel kontrol—ægteskab, familie institutionen. |
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70:9.6 (794.1) 4. Sex control—marriage, the family institution. |
70:9.7 (794.2) 5. Ejendom—retten til at eje. |
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70:9.7 (794.2) 5. Property—the right to own. |
70:9.8 (794.3) 6. Fremme af individuel og grupperelateret konkurrence. |
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70:9.8 (794.3) 6. Fostering of individual and group competition. |
70:9.9 (794.4) 7. Foranstaltninger til at uddanne og træne unge. |
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70:9.9 (794.4) 7. Provision for educating and training youth. |
70:9.10 (794.5) 8. Fremme af handel og erhverv—industriel udvikling. |
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70:9.10 (794.5) 8. Promotion of trade and commerce—industrial development. |
70:9.11 (794.6) 9. Forbedring af arbejdsforhold og belønninger. |
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70:9.11 (794.6) 9. Improvement of labor conditions and rewards. |
70:9.12 (794.7) 10. Garanti for frihed til religiøs praksis med det formål, at alle disse andre sociale aktiviteter kan blive ophøjet ved at blive åndeligt motiverede. |
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70:9.12 (794.7) 10. The guarantee of the freedom of religious practices to the end that all of these other social activities may be exalted by becoming spiritually motivated. |
70:9.13 (794.8) Når rettigheder er gamle uden kendskab til oprindelse, kaldes de oftenaturlige rettigheder. Men menneskerettigheder er egentlig ikke naturlige; de er helt igennem sociale. De er relative og ændrer sig hele tiden, de er ikke andet end spillets regler—anerkendte justeringer af relationer, der styrer de evigt skiftende fænomener i den menneskelige konkurrence. |
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70:9.13 (794.8) When rights are old beyond knowledge of origin, they are often called natural rights. But human rights are not really natural; they are entirely social. They are relative and ever changing, being no more than the rules of the game—recognized adjustments of relations governing the ever-changing phenomena of human competition. |
70:9.14 (794.9) Hvad der betragtes som rigtigt i én tidsalder, betragtes måske ikke sådan i en anden. Når et stort antal defekte og degenererede overlever, er det ikke, fordi de har nogen naturlig ret til at belaste civilisationen af det tyvende århundrede, men simpelthen fordi tidens samfund, tidens moral, foreskriver det. |
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70:9.14 (794.9) What may be regarded as right in one age may not be so regarded in another. The survival of large numbers of defectives and degenerates is not because they have any natural right thus to encumber twentieth-century civilization, but simply because the society of the age, the mores, thus decrees. |
70:9.15 (794.10) Kun få menneskerettigheder blev anerkendt i den europæiske middelalder; dengang tilhørte alle mennesker nogen andre, og rettigheder var kun privilegier eller tjenester, der blev givet af staten eller kirken. Og oprøret mod denne fejl var lige så fejlagtigt, fordi det førte til troen på, at alle mennesker er født lige. |
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70:9.15 (794.10) Few human rights were recognized in the European Middle Ages; then every man belonged to someone else, and rights were only privileges or favors granted by state or church. And the revolt from this error was equally erroneous in that it led to the belief that all men are born equal. |
70:9.16 (794.11) De svage og underlegne har altid kæmpet for lige rettigheder; de har altid insisteret på, at staten skulle tvinge de stærke og overlegne til at dække deres behov og på anden måde kompensere for de mangler, som alt for ofte er det naturlige resultat af deres egen ligegyldighed og dovenskab. |
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70:9.16 (794.11) The weak and the inferior have always contended for equal rights; they have always insisted that the state compel the strong and superior to supply their wants and otherwise make good those deficiencies which all too often are the natural result of their own indifference and indolence. |
70:9.17 (794.12) Men dette lighedsideal er et barn af civilisationen; det findes ikke i naturen. Selv kulturen demonstrerer på afgørende vis den iboende ulighed mellem mennesker ved deres meget ulige evne til at drage fordel af den. Den pludselige og ikke-evolutionære realisering af den formodede naturlige lighed ville hurtigt kaste det civiliserede menneske tilbage til de primitive tidsaldres rå skikke. Samfundet kan ikke tilbyde lige rettigheder til alle, men det kan love at administrere de forskellige rettigheder med retfærdighed og rimelighed. Det er samfundets opgave og pligt at give naturens barn en retfærdig og fredelig mulighed for at vedligeholde sig selv, deltage i selvopretholdelsen og samtidig nyde et vist mål af selvtilfredsstillelse, idet summen af alle tre udgør den menneskelige lykke. |
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70:9.17 (794.12) But this equality ideal is the child of civilization; it is not found in nature. Even culture itself demonstrates conclusively the inherent inequality of men by their very unequal capacity therefor. The sudden and nonevolutionary realization of supposed natural equality would quickly throw civilized man back to the crude usages of primitive ages. Society cannot offer equal rights to all, but it can promise to administer the varying rights of each with fairness and equity. It is the business and duty of society to provide the child of nature with a fair and peaceful opportunity to pursue self-maintenance, participate in self-perpetuation, while at the same time enjoying some measure of self-gratification, the sum of all three constituting human happiness. |
10. Rettens udvikling ^top |
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10. Evolution of Justice ^top |
70:10.1 (794.13) Naturlig retfærdighed er en menneskeskabt teori; det er ikke en realitet. I naturen, er retfærdighed rent teoretisk, udelukkende en fiktion. Naturen giver kun én slags retfærdighed—uundgåelig overensstemmelse mellem resultater og årsager. |
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70:10.1 (794.13) Natural justice is a man-made theory; it is not a reality. In nature, justice is purely theoretic, wholly a fiction. Nature provides but one kind of justice—inevitable conformity of results to causes. |
70:10.2 (794.14) Retfærdighed, som den opfattes af mennesker, betyder at få sin ret og har derfor været et spørgsmål om en gradvis udvikling. Retfærdighedsbegrebet kan godt være konstituerende i et ånds-begavet sind, men det opstår ikke fuldgyldigt i rummets verdener. |
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70:10.2 (794.14) Justice, as conceived by man, means getting one’s rights and has, therefore, been a matter of progressive evolution. The concept of justice may well be constitutive in a spirit-endowed mind, but it does not spring full-fledgedly into existence on the worlds of space. |
70:10.3 (794.15) Det primitive menneske henførte alle fænomener til en person. I tilfælde af død spurgte den vilde, ikke hvad dræbte ham, men hvem? Tilfældigt mord blev derfor ikke anerkendt, og i straffen for forbrydelser blev forbryderens motiv fuldstændig ignoreret; dommen blev afsagt i overensstemmelse med den forvoldte skade. |
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70:10.3 (794.15) Primitive man assigned all phenomena to a person. In case of death the savage asked, not what killed him, but who? Accidental murder was not therefore recognized, and in the punishment of crime the motive of the criminal was wholly disregarded; judgment was rendered in accordance with the injury done. |
70:10.4 (795.1) I de tidligste primitive samfund fungerede den offentlige mening direkte; der var ikke brug for lovens håndhævere. Der var intet privatliv i det primitive liv. En mands naboer var ansvarlige for hans opførsel, og derfor havde de ret til at snage i hans personlige anliggender. Samfundet blev reguleret ud fra teorien om, at gruppemedlemmerne skulle have en interesse i og en vis grad af kontrol over det enkelte individs adfærd. |
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70:10.4 (795.1) In the earliest primitive society public opinion operated directly; officers of law were not needed. There was no privacy in primitive life. A man’s neighbors were responsible for his conduct; therefore their right to pry into his personal affairs. Society was regulated on the theory that the group membership should have an interest in, and some degree of control over, the behavior of each individual. |
70:10.5 (795.2) Man troede meget tidligt, at spøgelser udøvede retfærdighed gennem medicinmænd og præster, hvilket gjorde disse klasser til de første kriminaldetektiver og lovens håndhævere. Deres tidlige metoder til at opdage forbrydelser bestod i at udføre prøvelser med gift, ild og smerte. Disse grusomme prøvelser var ikke andet end primitive voldgiftsteknikker; de løste ikke nødvendigvis en tvist på retfærdig vis. For eksempel: Når der blev givet gift, var den anklagede uskyldig, hvis han kastede op. |
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70:10.5 (795.2) It was very early believed that ghosts administered justice through the medicine men and priests; this constituted these orders the first crime detectors and officers of the law. Their early methods of detecting crime consisted in conducting ordeals of poison, fire, and pain. These savage ordeals were nothing more than crude techniques of arbitration; they did not necessarily settle a dispute justly. For example: When poison was administered, if the accused vomited, he was innocent. |
70:10.6 (795.3) Det Gamle Testamente fortæller om en af disse prøvelser, en ægteskabelig skyldprøve: Hvis en mand mistænkte sin kone for at være ham utro, tog han hende med til præsten og fortalte om sin mistanke, hvorefter præsten tilberedte en mikstur bestående af helligt vand og fejemateriale fra tempelgulvet. Efter en behørig ceremoni, der inkluderede truende forbandelser, blev den anklagede kone tvunget til at drikke den ulækre drik. Hvis hun var skyldig, “skal vandet, der forårsager forbandelsen, trænge ind i hende og blive bittert, og hendes mave skal svulme op, og hendes lår skal rådne, og kvinden skal være forbandet blandt sit folk.” Hvis en kvinde tilfældigvis kunne drikke denne beskidte drik uden at vise symptomer på fysisk sygdom, blev hun frikendt for sin jaloux mands anklager. |
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70:10.6 (795.3) The Old Testament records one of these ordeals, a marital guilt test: If a man suspected his wife of being untrue to him, he took her to the priest and stated his suspicions, after which the priest would prepare a concoction consisting of holy water and sweepings from the temple floor. After due ceremony, including threatening curses, the accused wife was made to drink the nasty potion. If she was guilty, “the water that causes the curse shall enter into her and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thighs shall rot, and the woman shall be accursed among her people.” If, by any chance, any woman could quaff this filthy draught and not show symptoms of physical illness, she was acquitted of the charges made by her jealous husband. |
70:10.7 (795.4) Disse grusomme metoder til opklaring af strafbare handlinger blev praktiseret af næsten alle de udviklende stammer på et eller andet tidspunkt. Duellering er en moderne overlevelse af forsøget med prøvelser. |
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70:10.7 (795.4) These atrocious methods of crime detection were practiced by almost all the evolving tribes at one time or another. Dueling is a modern survival of the trial by ordeal. |
70:10.8 (795.5) Det er ikke underligt, at hebræerne og andre halvciviliserede stammer praktiserede sådanne primitive teknikker til retspleje for tre tusind år siden, men det er meget forbløffende, at tænkende mennesker efterfølgende ville beholde et sådant levn fra barbariet på siderne i en samling hellige skrifter. Reflekterende tænkning burde gøre det klart, at intet guddommeligt væsen nogensinde har givet dødelige mennesker så uretfærdige instrukser om, hvordan man opdager og dømmer mistanke om ægteskabelig utroskab. |
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70:10.8 (795.5) It is not to be wondered that the Hebrews and other semicivilized tribes practiced such primitive techniques of justice administration three thousand years ago, but it is most amazing that thinking men would subsequently retain such a relic of barbarism within the pages of a collection of sacred writings. Reflective thinking should make it clear that no divine being ever gave mortal man such unfair instructions regarding the detection and adjudication of suspected marital unfaithfulness. |
70:10.9 (795.6) Samfundet vedtog tidligt holdningen om at tage hævn ved at betale tilbage med gengældelse: øje for øje, et liv for et liv. Alle udviklende stammer anerkendt denne ret til blodhævn. Hævnen blev formålet med det primitive liv, men religionen har siden da i høj grad ændret disse tidlige stammeskikke. Lærerne i åbenbaret religion har altid proklameret, “‘Hævnen er min’, siger Herren.” Hævndrab i tidlige tider var ikke helt ulig nutidens mord under påskud af den uskrevne lov. |
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70:10.9 (795.6) Society early adopted the paying-back attitude of retaliation: an eye for an eye, a life for a life. The evolving tribes all recognized this right of blood vengeance. Vengeance became the aim of primitive life, but religion has since greatly modified these early tribal practices. The teachers of revealed religion have always proclaimed, “‘Vengeance is mine,’ says the Lord.” Vengeance killing in early times was not altogether unlike present-day murders under the pretense of the unwritten law. |
70:10.10 (795.7) Selvmord var en almindelig form for hævn. Den som ikke kunne hævne sin uretfærdighed i livet, døde i troen på, at man som et spøgelse, kunne vende tilbage og udgyde sin vrede over sin fjende. Eftersom at denne tro var meget almindelig, var truslen om selvmord på en fjendes dørtrin normalt tilstrækkeligt til at bringe ham til at acceptere en løsning. Urtidsmennesket holdt ikke livet særligt kært; selvmord på grund af bagateller var almindelige, men Dalamatianernes undervisning formindskede i høj grad denne skik, mens den nyere tids fritid, komfort, religion og filosofi har forenet sig til at gøre livet mere behageligt og mere værdsat. Sultestrejker er dog en moderne analog af denne gammeldags metode til gengældelse. |
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70:10.10 (795.7) Suicide was a common mode of retaliation. If one were unable to avenge himself in life, he died entertaining the belief that, as a ghost, he could return and visit wrath upon his enemy. And since this belief was very general, the threat of suicide on an enemy’s doorstep was usually sufficient to bring him to terms. Primitive man did not hold life very dear; suicide over trifles was common, but the teachings of the Dalamatians greatly lessened this custom, while in more recent times leisure, comforts, religion, and philosophy have united to make life sweeter and more desirable. Hunger strikes are, however, a modern analogue of this old-time method of retaliation. |
70:10.11 (796.1) En af de tidligste formuleringer af avanceret stammelov vedrørte overtagelsen af blodfejde til et anliggende for stammen. Men mærkeligt nok, kunne en mand selv dengang dræbe sin kone uden straf, forudsat at han havde betalt fuldt ud for hende. De nutidige eskimoer overlader imidlertid stadig straffen for en forbrydelse, selv for mord, der skal afgøres og håndhæves til den krænkede familie |
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70:10.11 (796.1) One of the earliest formulations of advanced tribal law had to do with the taking over of the blood feud as a tribal affair. But strange to relate, even then a man could kill his wife without punishment provided he had fully paid for her. The Eskimos of today, however, still leave the penalty for a crime, even for murder, to be decreed and administered by the family wronged. |
70:10.12 (796.2) Et andet fremskridt var indførelsen af bøder for tabu overtrædelser, straffebestemmelser. Disse bøder udgjorde de første offentlige indtægter. Denne praksis med at betale “blodpenge” kom også på mode som en erstatning for blodhævn. Sådanne skader blev normalt betalt i kvinder eller kvæg; det varede længe, før egentlige bøder, monetær kompensation, blev udmålt som straf for forbrydelser. Og da tanken om straf i bund og grund var kompensation, fik alt, inklusive menneskeliv, til sidst en pris, som kunne betales som erstatning. Hebræerne var de første til at afskaffede skikken med at betale blodpenge. Moses lærte dem, at de ikke skulle “tage imod erstatning for livet af en morder, som er skyldig i døden; han skal helt sikkert slås ihjel.” |
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70:10.12 (796.2) Another advance was the imposition of fines for taboo violations, the provision of penalties. These fines constituted the first public revenue. The practice of paying “blood money” also came into vogue as a substitute for blood vengeance. Such damages were usually paid in women or cattle; it was a long time before actual fines, monetary compensation, were assessed as punishment for crime. And since the idea of punishment was essentially compensation, everything, including human life, eventually came to have a price which could be paid as damages. The Hebrews were the first to abolish the practice of paying blood money. Moses taught that they should “take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, who is guilty of death; he shall surely be put to death.” |
70:10.13 (796.3) Retfærdighed blev således først udmålt i familien, så ved klanen, og senere af stammen. Den sande retspleje får sin start når hævn fratages enkeltpersoner og grupper af pårørende og overført til håndshævelse i den sociale gruppe, staten. |
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70:10.13 (796.3) Justice was thus first meted out by the family, then by the clan, and later on by the tribe. The administration of true justice dates from the taking of revenge from private and kin groups and lodging it in the hands of the social group, the state. |
70:10.14 (796.4) Afstraffelse ved at brænde levende var engang en almindelig praksis. Det blev anerkendt af mange gamle herskere, inklusive Hammurabi og Moses, hvor sidstnævnte gav ordre til, at mange forbrydelser, især dem af alvorlig seksuel karakter, skulle straffes ved at blive brændt på bålet. Hvis “en præsts datter” eller en anden ledende borger gik over til offentlig prostitution, var det hebræernes skik at “brænde hende med ild.” |
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70:10.14 (796.4) Punishment by burning alive was once a common practice. It was recognized by many ancient rulers, including Hammurabi and Moses, the latter directing that many crimes, particularly those of a grave sex nature, should be punished by burning at the stake. If “the daughter of a priest” or other leading citizen turned to public prostitution, it was the Hebrew custom to “burn her with fire.” |
70:10.15 (796.5) Forræderi—at “sælge ud” eller forråde sine stammefæller—var den første forbrydelse, der blev straffet med døden. Kvægtyveri blev generelt straffet med dødsstraf, og selv for nylig er hestetyveri blevet straffet på samme måde. Men som tiden gik, fandt man ud af, at straffens strenghed ikke var så afskrækkende for kriminalitet som dens sikkerhed og hurtighed. |
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70:10.15 (796.5) Treason—the “selling out” or betrayal of one’s tribal associates—was the first capital crime. Cattle stealing was universally punished by summary death, and even recently horse stealing has been similarly punished. But as time passed, it was learned that the severity of the punishment was not so valuable a deterrent to crime as was its certainty and swiftness. |
70:10.16 (796.6) Når samfundet ikke straffer forbrydelser, giver gruppens vrede sig som regel udslag i lynchjustits; at give folk et tilflugtssted var et middel til at undslippe denne pludselige gruppevrede. Lynchjustits og duel repræsenterer individets uvilje mod at overlade privat oprejsning til staten. |
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70:10.16 (796.6) When society fails to punish crimes, group resentment usually asserts itself as lynch law; the provision of sanctuary was a means of escaping this sudden group anger. Lynching and dueling represent the unwillingness of the individual to surrender private redress to the state. |
11. Love og domstole ^top |
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11. Laws and Courts ^top |
70:11.1 (796.7) Det er lige så vanskeligt at skelne skarpt mellem skikke og love, som at angiver præcist hvornår, ved daggry natten efterfølges af dagen. Skikke er lovgivning og ordningsforskrifter i sin tilblivelse. Når de har været etableret længe, har de udefinerede skikke en tendens til at krystallisere sig til præcise love, konkrete regler og veldefinerede sociale konventioner. |
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70:11.1 (796.7) It is just as difficult to draw sharp distinctions between mores and laws as to indicate exactly when, at the dawning, night is succeeded by day. Mores are laws and police regulations in the making. When long established, the undefined mores tend to crystallize into precise laws, concrete regulations, and well-defined social conventions. |
70:11.2 (796.8) Loven er altid først negativ og forbudsagtig, men i de fremadudviklende civilisationer bliver den mere og mere positiv og vejledende. De tidlige samfund fungerede med forbud, det gav den enkelte ret til at leve ved at pålægge alle andre kommandoen, “du må ikke slå ihjel.” De tidlige samfund fungerede negativt og gav individet ret til at leve ved at pålægge alle andre befalingen: “Du må ikke slå ihjel.” Enhver tildeling af rettigheder eller frihed til individet indebærer en indskrænkning af alle andres friheder, og det sker ved hjælp af tabuet, den primitive lov. Hele ideen om tabu er i sig selv negativ, for de primitive samfund var helt igennem negative i deres organisation, og den tidlige administration af retfærdighed bestod i håndhævelsen af tabuerne. Men oprindeligt galt disse love kun for stammefæller, som fremgår af de senere dages hebræere, som havde en anden etisk kodeks for behandling af ikke-jødere. |
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70:11.2 (796.8) Law is always at first negative and prohibitive; in advancing civilizations it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early society operated negatively, granting the individual the right to live by imposing upon all others the command, “you shall not kill.” Every grant of rights or liberty to the individual involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is effected by the taboo, primitive law. The whole idea of the taboo is inherently negative, for primitive society was wholly negative in its organization, and the early administration of justice consisted in the enforcement of the taboos. But originally these laws applied only to fellow tribesmen, as is illustrated by the later-day Hebrews, who had a different code of ethics for dealing with the gentiles. |
70:11.3 (797.1) Aflæggelse af ed havde sin oprindelse i Dalamatias tid, i et forsøg på at gøre vidnesbyrd mere sandfærdige. Sådanne eder bestod i at udtale en forbandelse over sig selv. Tidligere ville ingen individer vidne mod sin oprindelige gruppe. |
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70:11.3 (797.1) The oath originated in the days of Dalamatia in an effort to render testimony more truthful. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a curse upon oneself. Formerly no individual would testify against his native group. |
70:11.4 (797.2) Kriminalitet var et angreb på stammeledernes skikke, synd var overtrædelse af disse tabuer, der var bekræftet af ånderne, og der var længe forvirring på grund af den manglende adskillelse af kriminalitet og synd. |
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70:11.4 (797.2) Crime was an assault upon the tribal mores, sin was the transgression of those taboos which enjoyed ghost sanction, and there was long confusion due to the failure to segregate crime and sin. |
70:11.5 (797.3) Egeninteressen etablerede tabuet mod at dræbe, samfundet styrkede tabuet som en del af de traditionelle skikke, mens religionen indviet skikken som moralsk lov, og således samvirkede alle tre til at gøre menneskelivet mere sikkert og helligt. Samfundet kunne ikke have holdt sammen i de tidlige tider, hvis ikke rettighederne havde været sanktioneret af religionen; overtroen var den moralske og sociale politistyrke i de lange evolutionære tidsaldre. De gamle hævdede alle, at deres gamle love, tabuerne, var blevet givet til deres forfædre af guderne. |
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70:11.5 (797.3) Self-interest established the taboo on killing, society sanctified it as traditional mores, while religion consecrated the custom as moral law, and thus did all three conspire in rendering human life more safe and sacred. Society could not have held together during early times had not rights had the sanction of religion; superstition was the moral and social police force of the long evolutionary ages. The ancients all claimed that their olden laws, the taboos, had been given to their ancestors by the gods. |
70:11.6 (797.4) Loven er en kodificeret optegnelse af lang menneskelig erfaring, den offentlige mening krystalliseret og legaliseret. Sæder og skikke var det råmateriale af akkumuleret erfaring, som senere herskende hjerner formulerede de skrevne love ud fra. Den gamle dommer havde ingen love. Når han afsagde en afgørelse, sagde han blot, “Sådan er skikken.” |
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70:11.6 (797.4) Law is a codified record of long human experience, public opinion crystallized and legalized. The mores were the raw material of accumulated experience out of which later ruling minds formulated the written laws. The ancient judge had no laws. When he handed down a decision, he simply said, “It is the custom.” |
70:11.7 (797.5) Henvisning til præcedens i domstolsafgørelser repræsenterer dommernes bestræbelser på at tilpasse de skrevne love til de skiftende forhold i samfundet. Dette giver en gradvis tilpasning til at ændre sociale forhold kombineret med den effektivitet som følger af traditionel kontinuitet. |
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70:11.7 (797.5) Reference to precedent in court decisions represents the effort of judges to adapt written laws to the changing conditions of society. This provides for progressive adaptation to altering social conditions combined with the impressiveness of traditional continuity. |
70:11.8 (797.6) Ejendomstvister blev håndteret på mange måder, såsom: |
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70:11.8 (797.6) Property disputes were handled in many ways, such as: |
70:11.9 (797.7) 1. Ved at ødelægge den omstridte ejendom. |
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70:11.9 (797.7) 1. By destroying the disputed property. |
70:11.10 (797.8) 2. Med magt—de stridende parter kæmpede om det. |
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70:11.10 (797.8) 2. By force—the contestants fought it out. |
70:11.11 (797.9) 3. Ved voldgift—en tredjepart afgjorde det. |
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70:11.11 (797.9) 3. By arbitration—a third party decided. |
70:11.12 (797.10) 4. Ved appel til de ældste—senere til domstolene. |
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70:11.12 (797.10) 4. By appeal to the elders—later to the courts. |
70:11.13 (797.11) De første domstole var regulerede knytnæveslagsmål; dommerne var blot ringdommer eller kampdommere. De sørgede for, at kampen blev gennemført efter godkendte regler. På vej ind i en domstol kamp, deponerede hver part et depositum til dommeren for at betale sagens omkostninger og bøden efter at være blevet besejret af den anden. “Den stærkestes ret.” Senere erstattede verbale argumenter fysiske slag. |
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70:11.13 (797.11) The first courts were regulated fistic encounters; the judges were merely umpires or referees. They saw to it that the fight was carried on according to approved rules. On entering a court combat, each party made a deposit with the judge to pay the costs and fine after one had been defeated by the other. “Might was still right.” Later on, verbal arguments were substituted for physical blows. |
70:11.14 (797.12) Hele idéen med den primitive retfærdighed var ikke så meget at være fair, som at få tvisten ud af verden og dermed forhindre uroligheder og privat vold. Primitive mennesker blev ikke så meget fortørnet over hvad der nu ville blive betragtes som en uretfærdighed; det blev taget for givet, at de, der havde magten ville anvende den selvisk. Ikke desto mindre kan enhver civilisations udviklingsniveau være meget nøjagtigt bestemmes af domstolenes grundighed og retfærdighed og af dommernes integritet. |
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70:11.14 (797.12) The whole idea of primitive justice was not so much to be fair as to dispose of the contest and thus prevent public disorder and private violence. But primitive man did not so much resent what would now be regarded as an injustice; it was taken for granted that those who had power would use it selfishly. Nevertheless, the status of any civilization may be very accurately determined by the thoroughness and equity of its courts and by the integrity of its judges. |
12. Regeringsmagtens fordelning ^top |
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12. Allocation of Civil Authority ^top |
70:12.1 (797.13) Den store kamp i evolutionen af regeringer har drejet sig om magtkoncentration. Universets administratorer har lært af erfaring, at de evolutionære folkeslag på de beboede verdener bedst reguleres af den repræsentative form for civil regering, når der opretholdes en passende magtbalance mellem de velkoordinerede udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende grene. |
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70:12.1 (797.13) The great struggle in the evolution of government has concerned the concentration of power. The universe administrators have learned from experience that the evolutionary peoples on the inhabited worlds are best regulated by the representative type of civil government when there is maintained proper balance of power between the well-co-ordinated executive, legislative, and judicial branches. |
70:12.2 (798.1) Mens den primitive autoritet var baseret på styrke, fysisk magt, er den ideelle regering det repræsentative system, hvor lederskab er baseret på evner, men i barbariets dage var der alt for meget krig til, at den repræsentative regering kunne fungere effektivt. I den lange kamp mellem opdeling af autoritet og fælles kommando vandt diktatoren. Det primitive ældsteråds tidlige og diffuse magt blev gradvist koncentreret i den enevældige monarks person. Efter ankomsten af rigtige konger fortsatte grupperne af ældste som rådgivende organer, der næsten var lovgivende og dømmende; senere dukkede lovgivende forsamlinger med koordineret status op, og til sidst blev der etableret øverste domstole adskilt fra de lovgivende forsamlinger. |
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70:12.2 (798.1) While primitive authority was based on strength, physical power, the ideal government is the representative system wherein leadership is based on ability, but in the days of barbarism there was entirely too much war to permit representative government to function effectively. In the long struggle between division of authority and unity of command, the dictator won. The early and diffuse powers of the primitive council of elders were gradually concentrated in the person of the absolute monarch. After the arrival of real kings the groups of elders persisted as quasi-legislative-judicial advisory bodies; later on, legislatures of co-ordinate status made their appearance, and eventually supreme courts of adjudication were established separate from the legislatures. |
70:12.3 (798.2) Kongen var eksekutør af sædvanerne, den oprindelige eller uskrevne lov. Senere håndhævede han de lovgivningsmæssige bestemmelser, krystalliseringen af den offentlige mening. En folkeforsamling som et udtryk for den offentlige mening markerede et stort socialt fremskridt, selvom den var langsom i optrækket. |
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70:12.3 (798.2) The king was the executor of the mores, the original or unwritten law. Later he enforced the legislative enactments, the crystallization of public opinion. A popular assembly as an expression of public opinion, though slow in appearing, marked a great social advance. |
70:12.4 (798.3) De tidlige konger var i høj grad begrænset af skik og brug—af traditionen eller den offentlige mening. I nyere tid har nogle af Urantias nationer kodificeret disse skikke til et dokumentarisk grundlag for regeringen. |
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70:12.4 (798.3) The early kings were greatly restricted by the mores—by tradition or public opinion. In recent times some Urantia nations have codified these mores into documentary bases for government. |
70:12.5 (798.4) De dødelige på Urantia har ret til frihed; de bør skabe deres egne regeringssystemer; de bør vedtage deres egne forfatninger eller andre chartre for civil myndighed og administrative procedurer. Og når de har gjort dette, bør de vælge deres mest kompetente og værdige medmennesker som øverste ledere. Til repræsentanter i den lovgivende magt bør de kun vælge dem, der er intellektuelt og moralsk kvalificerede til at varetage et så helligt ansvar. Som dommere i deres høje og suveræne domstole bør de kun vælge dem, der er udstyret med naturlige evner, og som er blevet kloge af rig erfaring. |
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70:12.5 (798.4) Urantia mortals are entitled to liberty; they should create their systems of government; they should adopt their constitutions or other charters of civil authority and administrative procedure. And having done this, they should select their most competent and worthy fellows as chief executives. For representatives in the legislative branch they should elect only those who are qualified intellectually and morally to fulfill such sacred responsibilities. As judges of their high and supreme tribunals only those who are endowed with natural ability and who have been made wise by replete experience should be chosen. |
70:12.6 (798.5) Hvis mennesker vil bevare deres frihed, må de, efter at have valgt deres frihedscharter, sørge for en klog, intelligent og frygtløs fortolkning af det, så det kan forhindre følgende: |
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70:12.6 (798.5) If men would maintain their freedom, they must, after having chosen their charter of liberty, provide for its wise, intelligent, and fearless interpretation to the end that there may be prevented: |
70:12.7 (798.6) 1. Tilegnelse af uberettiget magt enten fra den udøvende eller lovgivende magt. |
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70:12.7 (798.6) 1. Usurpation of unwarranted power by either the executive or legislative branches. |
70:12.8 (798.7) 2. Rænkespil smedet af uvidende og overtroiske agitatorer. |
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70:12.8 (798.7) 2. Machinations of ignorant and superstitious agitators. |
70:12.9 (798.8) 3. Forsinkelse af videnskabelige fremskridt. |
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70:12.9 (798.8) 3. Retardation of scientific progress. |
70:12.10 (798.9) 4. Dødvande på grund af middelmådighedens dominans. |
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70:12.10 (798.9) 4. Stalemate of the dominance of mediocrity. |
70:12.11 (798.10) 5. Dominans af ondskabsfulde mindretal. |
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70:12.11 (798.10) 5. Domination by vicious minorities. |
70:12.12 (798.11) 6. Kontrol af ambitiøse og dygtige potentielle diktatorer. |
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70:12.12 (798.11) 6. Control by ambitious and clever would-be dictators. |
70:12.13 (798.12) 7. Katastrofale forstyrrelser af panik. |
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70:12.13 (798.12) 7. Disastrous disruption of panics. |
70:12.14 (798.13) 8. Udnyttelse af den skrupelløse. |
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70:12.14 (798.13) 8. Exploitation by the unscrupulous. |
70:12.15 (798.14) 9. Beskatning af borgerne som slaver af staten. |
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70:12.15 (798.14) 9. Taxation enslavement of the citizenry by the state. |
70:12.16 (798.15) 10. Manglende social og økonomisk retfærdighed. |
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70:12.16 (798.15) 10. Failure of social and economic fairness. |
70:12.17 (798.16) 11. Forening mellem kirke og stat. |
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70:12.17 (798.16) 11. Union of church and state. |
70:12.18 (798.17) 12. Tab af personlig frihed. |
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70:12.18 (798.17) 12. Loss of personal liberty. |
70:12.19 (798.18) Det er formålene og målene med forfatningsdomstole, der fungerer som regulatorer for den repræsentative regering i en evolutionær verden. |
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70:12.19 (798.18) These are the purposes and aims of constitutional tribunals acting as governors upon the engines of representative government on an evolutionary world. |
70:12.20 (799.1) Menneskehedens kamp for at perfektionere regeringen på Urantia indebærer at man forbedre administrationsvejene, at tilpasse dem til de stadigt skiftende aktuelle behov, at forbedre magtfordelingen inden for regeringen, og derefter at udvælge de administrative ledere, der er virkelig kloge. Selvom der findes en guddommelig og ideel regeringsform, kan en sådan ikke afsløres, men skal langsomt og møjsommeligt opdages af mænd og kvinder på hver planet overalt i universerne af tid og rum. |
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70:12.20 (799.1) Mankind’s struggle to perfect government on Urantia has to do with perfecting channels of administration, with adapting them to ever-changing current needs, with improving power distribution within government, and then with selecting such administrative leaders as are truly wise. While there is a divine and ideal form of government, such cannot be revealed but must be slowly and laboriously discovered by the men and women of each planet throughout the universes of time and space. |
70:12.21 (799.2) [Præsenteret af en Melkisedek fra Nebadon.] |
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70:12.21 (799.2) [Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.] |