Kapitel 70 |
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Paper 70 |
Udviklingen Af Den Menneskelige Regering |
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The Evolution of Human Government |
70:0.1 (783.1) MENNESKET havde knap nok løst problemet med at skaffe sig et levebrød, førend det stod overfor opgaven om at regulere forholdet mellem mennesker. Udviklingen af industrien krævede lov, orden og social tilpasning; privat ejendom nødvendiggjorde en regering. |
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70:0.1 (783.1) NO SOONER had man partially solved the problem of making a living than he was confronted with the task of regulating human contacts. The development of industry demanded law, order, and social adjustment; private property necessitated government. |
70:0.2 (783.2) I en evolutionær verden er modsætninger naturlige; fred kan kun opretholdes med en form for social regulering i samfundet. Social regulering er uadskillelig fra samfundets organisation; sammenlægning indebærer en vis kontrollerende myndighed. Regeringen fremtvinger koordinering af modsætninger mellem stammerne, klaner, familier og enkeltpersoner. |
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70:0.2 (783.2) On an evolutionary world, antagonisms are natural; peace is secured only by some sort of social regulative system. Social regulation is inseparable from social organization; association implies some controlling authority. Government compels the co-ordination of the antagonisms of the tribes, clans, families, and individuals. |
70:0.3 (783.3) Statsdannelse er en ubevidst udvikling; der udvikler sig gennem forsøg og fejltagelser. Den har en overlevelses værdi; derfor bliver den traditionsbundet. Anarki øger elendighed; så til sidst er der opstået eller opstår der statsdannelse, en form for lov og orden, De tvingende krav i kampen for tilværelsen drev bogstaveligt den menneskelige race langs den progressive vej til civilisationen. |
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70:0.3 (783.3) Government is an unconscious development; it evolves by trial and error. It does have survival value; therefore it becomes traditional. Anarchy augmented misery; therefore government, comparative law and order, slowly emerged or is emerging. The coercive demands of the struggle for existence literally drove the human race along the progressive road to civilization. |
1. Krigens tilblivelse ^top |
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1. The Genesis of War ^top |
70:1.1 (783.4) Krig er den udviklende naturlige menneskelige tilstand og arv; fred er samfundets målestok der måler hvor langt civilisationen er nået. Før menneskeracerne under udviklingens gang delvis tilpassede sig til samfundslivet var mennesket overordentlig individualistisk, ekstremt mistænksom, og utroligt stridbar. Vold er naturens lov, fjendtlighed den automatiske reaktion hos naturens børn, mens krig er disse selvsamme aktiviteter udøvet kollektivt. Hvornår og når civilisationens struktur oplever stress fra komplikationerne af samfundets fremskridt, sker der altid en umiddelbar og ødelæggende tilbagevenden til disse tidlige metoder af voldelig justering af irritationsfaktorerne blandt disse sammenslutninger af mennesker. |
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70:1.1 (783.4) War is the natural state and heritage of evolving man; peace is the social yardstick measuring civilization’s advancement. Before the partial socialization of the advancing races man was exceedingly individualistic, extremely suspicious, and unbelievably quarrelsome. Violence is the law of nature, hostility the automatic reaction of the children of nature, while war is but these same activities carried on collectively. And wherever and whenever the fabric of civilization becomes stressed by the complications of society’s advancement, there is always an immediate and ruinous reversion to these early methods of violent adjustment of the irritations of human interassociations. |
70:1.2 (783.5) Krig er en dyrisk reaktion på misforståelser og irritationer; fred følger af den civiliserede løsning af alle disse problemer og vanskeligheder. Sangikracerne, sammen med den efterfølgende forværring af Adamiterne og Noditerne, var alle krigsførende. Andoniterne lærte tidligt den gyldne regel, og selv i dag lever deres eskimoiske efterkommere stort set i overensstemmelse med reglen. Skikkene er stærke blandt dem, og de er temmelig fri for voldelige modsætninger. |
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70:1.2 (783.5) War is an animalistic reaction to misunderstandings and irritations; peace attends upon the civilized solution of all such problems and difficulties. The Sangik races, together with the later deteriorated Adamites and Nodites, were all belligerent. The Andonites were early taught the golden rule, and, even today, their Eskimo descendants live very much by that code; custom is strong among them, and they are fairly free from violent antagonisms. |
70:1.3 (783.6) Andon lærte sine børn at løse deres uoverensstemmelser, således at hver part slog på et træ med en kæp og samtidig forbandede træet; den, hvis kæp først knækkede, var sejrherren. De senere Andoniter plejede at løse tvister ved at holde en offentlig udstilling, hvor de stridende gjorde nar af og latterliggjorde hinanden, mens publikum besluttede vinderen ved deres bifald. |
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70:1.3 (783.6) Andon taught his children to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the victor. The later Andonites used to settle disputes by holding a public show at which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the audience decided the winner by its applause. |
70:1.4 (783.7) Men krig som fænomen kunne ikke finde sted, indtil samfundet havde udviklet sig tilstrækkeligt langt til rent faktisk at have oplevet perioder med fred og før det kunne sanktionere krigeriske metoder. Krig som begreb indebærer en vis grad af organisation. |
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70:1.4 (783.7) But there could be no such phenomenon as war until society had evolved sufficiently far to actually experience periods of peace and to sanction warlike practices. The very concept of war implies some degree of organization. |
70:1.5 (784.1) Da grupperne opstod i samfundet, begyndte individuelle irritationsmomenter at synke ned i gruppefølelserne, og dette fremmede freden indenfor stammen, men på bekostning af freden mellem stammerne. Fred kunne således først nydes af den inderkreds eller stamme, som altid opildnede og hadede de omkringliggende stammer, de fremmede. De første tiders mennesker betragtede det som en dyd at udgyde fremmed blod. |
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70:1.5 (784.1) With the emergence of social groupings, individual irritations began to be submerged in the group feelings, and this promoted intratribal tranquillity but at the expense of intertribal peace. Peace was thus first enjoyed by the in-group, or tribe, who always disliked and hated the out-group, foreigners. Early man regarded it a virtue to shed alien blood. |
70:1.6 (784.2) Men selv dette fungerede ikke i første omgang. Når de tidlige høvdinge forsøgte at forlige misforståelser, fandt de det ofte nødvendigt, mindst en gang om året, at tillade en stenkrig indenfor stammen. Klanen blev opdelt i to grupper og engagere sig i en hel dags kamp. Og det var uden anden grund end at det var sjovt; de nød virkelig at kæmpe. |
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70:1.6 (784.2) But even this did not work at first. When the early chiefs would try to iron out misunderstandings, they often found it necessary, at least once a year, to permit the tribal stone fights. The clan would divide up into two groups and engage in an all-day battle. And this for no other reason than just the fun of it; they really enjoyed fighting. |
70:1.7 (784.3) Krigsførelsen fortsætter fordi mennesket er menneske, udviklet fra et dyr, og alle dyr er krigeriske. Blandt de tidligste årsager til krig var følgende: |
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70:1.7 (784.3) Warfare persists because man is human, evolved from an animal, and all animals are bellicose. Among the early causes of war were: |
70:1.8 (784.4) 1. Sult, som førte til fødevarer razziaer. Knaphed på jord har altid medført krig, og under disse kampe blev de tidlige fredelige stammer praktisk taget udryddet. |
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70:1.8 (784.4) 1. Hunger, which led to food raids. Scarcity of land has always brought on war, and during these struggles the early peace tribes were practically exterminated. |
70:1.9 (784.5) 2. Knaphed på kvinder - et forsøg på at afhjælpe mangel på hushjælp. Kvinderøveri har altid forårsaget krig. |
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70:1.9 (784.5) 2. Woman scarcity—an attempt to relieve a shortage of domestic help. Woman stealing has always caused war. |
70:1.10 (784.6) 3. Forfængelighed - ønsket om at fremvise stammens tapperhed. Højerestående stammer ville kæmpe for at påtvinge deres levevis på laverestående folk. |
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70:1.10 (784.6) 3. Vanity—the desire to exhibit tribal prowess. Superior groups would fight to impose their mode of life upon inferior peoples. |
70:1.11 (784.7) 4. Slaver - behov for at skaffe arbejdskraft. |
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70:1.11 (784.7) 4. Slaves—need of recruits for the labor ranks. |
70:1.12 (784.8) 5. Hævn var motivet til krig, når en stamme mente, at en nærliggende stamme var skyldig i en stammekollegas død. Sorgen fortsatte, indtil et hoved blev bragt hjem. Krig for hævnens skyld stod i høj kurs helt frem til forholdsvis moderne tider. |
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70:1.12 (784.8) 5. Revenge was the motive for war when one tribe believed that a neighboring tribe had caused the death of a fellow tribesman. Mourning was continued until a head was brought home. The war for vengeance was in good standing right on down to comparatively modern times. |
70:1.13 (784.9) 6. Rekreation - krig blev betragtet som rekreation af de unge mænd i disse tidlige tider. Hvis der ikke opstod noget godt og tilstrækkelig påskud for krig, når freden blev trykkende, var tilstødende stammer vant til at gå ud i halv venskabelige kampe for at engagere sig i et plyndringstog som en ferie, for at nyde en fingeret kamp. |
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70:1.13 (784.9) 6. Recreation—war was looked upon as recreation by the young men of these early times. If no good and sufficient pretext for war arose, when peace became oppressive, neighboring tribes were accustomed to go out in semifriendly combat to engage in a foray as a holiday, to enjoy a sham battle. |
70:1.14 (784.10) 7. Religion - ønsket om at skaffe proselytter til kulten. Alle de primitive religioner sanktionerede krig. Det er kun i nyere tid at religionen er begyndt at fordømme krig. De tidlige præsteskaber var desværre normalt allieret med militærmagt. En af de store fredsbestræbelser i tiderne har været forsøget på at adskille kirke og stat. |
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70:1.14 (784.10) 7. Religion—the desire to make converts to the cult. The primitive religions all sanctioned war. Only in recent times has religion begun to frown upon war. The early priesthoods were, unfortunately, usually allied with the military power. One of the great peace moves of the ages has been the attempt to separate church and state. |
70:1.15 (784.11) Disse tidlige tiders stammer drog altid ud i krig på ordre af deres guder, på befaling af deres høvdinge eller medicinmænd. Hebræerne troede på en sådan "Kampens Gud"; og fortællingen om deres angreb på midjanitterne er en typisk beretning om de gamle stammekrigens rystende grusomheder. Dette angreb, med dets slagtning af alle mænd og senere drab på alle mandlige børn og alle kvinder, der ikke var jomfruer, ville have indebåret ære til en stammehøvdings skik for to hundrede tusinde år siden. Og alt dette blev udført i "Herrens, Israels Guds navn." |
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70:1.15 (784.11) Always these olden tribes made war at the bidding of their gods, at the behest of their chiefs or medicine men. The Hebrews believed in such a “God of battles”; and the narrative of their raid on the Midianites is a typical recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient tribal wars; this assault, with its slaughter of all the males and the later killing of all male children and all women who were not virgins, would have done honor to the mores of a tribal chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was executed in the “name of the Lord God of Israel.” |
70:1.16 (784.12) Dette er en fortælling om samfundets udvikling - naturens måde at løse racegruppernes problem - om mennesket, som mejsler sin egen skæbne ud på jorden. Sådanne grusomheder er ikke iværksat af Guddommen, trods menneskets tendens til at placere ansvaret på sine guder. |
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70:1.16 (784.12) This is a narrative of the evolution of society—the natural outworking of the problems of the races—man working out his own destiny on earth. Such atrocities are not instigated by Deity, notwithstanding the tendency of man to place the responsibility on his gods. |
70:1.17 (784.13) Barmhjertighed i krig har været langsom i at komme til menneskeheden. Selv da en kvinde, Deborah, herskede over hebræerne, fortsatte de samme grusomheder i stor skala. Når hendes general havde vundet en sejr over hedningerne forårsagede han at "hele fjenden skulle falde for sværdet, til der ikke var en tilbage." |
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70:1.17 (784.13) Military mercy has been slow in coming to mankind. Even when a woman, Deborah, ruled the Hebrews, the same wholesale cruelty persisted. Her general in his victory over the gentiles caused “all the host to fall upon the sword; there was not one left.” |
70:1.18 (785.1) Meget tidligt i menneskeslægtens historie blev forgiftede våben anvendt. Alle slags lemlæstelser blev praktiseret. Saul tøvede ikke med at kræve hundrede forhuder af filistrene som den medgift David skulle betale for hans datter Mikal. |
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70:1.18 (785.1) Very early in the history of the race, poisoned weapons were used. All sorts of mutilations were practiced. Saul did not hesitate to require one hundred Philistine foreskins as the dowry David should pay for his daughter Michal. |
70:1.19 (785.2) Tidligere krige blev udkæmpet mellem stammerne som helhed, men i senere tider, når to personer i forskellige stammer havde en tvist, udkæmpede de to stridende en duel i stedet for at begge stammer skulle i krig. Det blev også en skik for to hære at overlade afgørelsen til slutningen af kampen mellem en repræsentant valgt fra hver side, som i tilfældet med David og Goliat. |
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70:1.19 (785.2) Early wars were fought between tribes as a whole, but in later times, when two individuals in different tribes had a dispute, instead of both tribes fighting, the two disputants engaged in a duel. It also became a custom for two armies to stake all on the outcome of a contest between a representative chosen from each side, as in the instance of David and Goliath. |
70:1.20 (785.3) Den første forbedring af krigen var skikken at tage fanger. Derefter blev kvinder fritaget fra fjendtlighederne, og siden kom anerkendelsen af dem som ikke deltog i striden. Snart opstod krigerkaster og stående hære blev hurtigt udviklet til at holde trit med den kamphandlingernes stigende kompleksitet. Sådanne krigere blev tidligt forbudt at have forbindelser med kvinder, og kvinderne var for længst ophørt med at deltage i kampene, selvom de altid har fodret og plejet soldaterne og opfordrede dem til at kæmpe. |
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70:1.20 (785.3) The first refinement of war was the taking of prisoners. Next, women were exempted from hostilities, and then came the recognition of noncombatants. Military castes and standing armies soon developed to keep pace with the increasing complexity of combat. Such warriors were early prohibited from associating with women, and women long ago ceased to fight, though they have always fed and nursed the soldiers and urged them on to battle. |
70:1.21 (785.4) Skikken med at erklære krig repræsenterede et store fremskridt. Sådanne erklæringer om hensigten med at indlede en krig varslede ankomsten af en følelse af retfærdighed, og dette blev efterfulgt af den gradvise udvikling af reglerne i "civiliseret" krigsførelse. Meget tidligt blev det skik ikke at kæmpe nær religiøse steder og stadig senere, ikke at kæmpe på visse helligdage. Derefter kom den generelle anerkendelse af retten til asyl; politiske flygtninge modtog beskyttelse. |
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70:1.21 (785.4) The practice of declaring war represented great progress. Such declarations of intention to fight betokened the arrival of a sense of fairness, and this was followed by the gradual development of the rules of “civilized” warfare. Very early it became the custom not to fight near religious sites and, still later, not to fight on certain holy days. Next came the general recognition of the right of asylum; political fugitives received protection. |
70:1.22 (785.5) Således udvikledes krigsførelse sig gradvist fra den primitive menneske jagt til den noget mere velordnet system i de senere tiders "civiliserede" nationer. Men kun langsomt erstatter venlighed i stedet for fjendtlighed holdningen i samfundet. |
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70:1.22 (785.5) Thus did warfare gradually evolve from the primitive man hunt to the somewhat more orderly system of the later-day “civilized” nations. But only slowly does the social attitude of amity displace that of enmity. |
2. Den samfundsmæssige værdi af krig ^top |
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2. The Social Value of War ^top |
70:2.1 (785.6) I tidligere tidsaldre kunne en hård krig give anledning til sociale forandringer og fremme accept af nye ideer som ellers ikke naturligt ville have fundet sted, eller været i brug i ti tusinde år. Den frygtelige pris, der betales for disse krigs fordele var, at samfundet midlertidigt faldt tilbage i barbariet; civiliseret fornuft måtte abdicere. Krig er stærk medicin, meget dyrt og yderst farlig. Selv om den ofte helbreder visse sociale lidelser, dræber den undertiden patienten, ødelægger samfundet. |
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70:2.1 (785.6) In past ages a fierce war would institute social changes and facilitate the adoption of new ideas such as would not have occurred naturally in ten thousand years. The terrible price paid for these certain war advantages was that society was temporarily thrown back into savagery; civilized reason had to abdicate. War is strong medicine, very costly and most dangerous; while often curative of certain social disorders, it sometimes kills the patient, destroys the society. |
70:2.2 (785.7) Den konstante nødvendighed for det nationale forsvar skaber mange nye og avancerede tilpasninger i samfundet. Samfundet, i dag, nyder gavn af en lang liste af nyttige innovationer, der først kun var til militæret og det har endda krigen at takke for den dans, som en af de tidlige former for en militær fremgangsmåde. |
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70:2.2 (785.7) The constant necessity for national defense creates many new and advanced social adjustments. Society, today, enjoys the benefit of a long list of useful innovations which were at first wholly military and is even indebted to war for the dance, one of the early forms of which was a military drill. |
70:2.3 (785.8) Krig har haft en social værdi til tidligere civilisationer, fordi den: |
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70:2.3 (785.8) War has had a social value to past civilizations because it: |
70:2.4 (785.9) 1. Pålagt disciplin, tvunget samarbejde. |
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70:2.4 (785.9) 1. Imposed discipline, enforced co-operation. |
70:2.5 (785.10) 2. Satte en præmie på tapperhed og mod. |
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70:2.5 (785.10) 2. Put a premium on fortitude and courage. |
70:2.6 (785.11) 3. Fremmede og styrkede nationalisme. |
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70:2.6 (785.11) 3. Fostered and solidified nationalism. |
70:2.7 (785.12) 4. Tilintetgjorde svage og uegnede folk. |
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70:2.7 (785.12) 4. Destroyed weak and unfit peoples. |
70:2.8 (785.13) 5. Opløste illusionen om primitive lighed og selektivt stratificeret samfund. |
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70:2.8 (785.13) 5. Dissolved the illusion of primitive equality and selectively stratified society. |
70:2.9 (785.14) Krig har haft en vis evolutionær og selektiv værdi, men ligesom slaveri, skal det engang opgives når civilisationen langsomt bevæger sig fremad. Fortidens krige fremmede rejser og kulturelle forbindelser. Nu tjener disse formål bedre den moderne transport og kommunikation. Fortidens krige styrkede nationerne, men nutidens stridigheder sønderriver civiliserede kultur. De gamle krige resulterede i en decimering af de laverestående folk; nettoresultatet af nutidens konflikter er en selektiv destruktion af de bedste menneskelige bestande. Tidligere krige fremmede organisation og effektivitet, men disse er nu blevet mål for den moderne industri. Under tidligere tidsaldre var krig en social uro, der skubbede civilisationen fremad; dette resultat opnås nu bedre ved hjælp af ambitioner og opfindelser. Fortidens krigsførelse støttede begrebet om Guds kampe, men det moderne menneske er blevet fortalt, at Gud er kærlighed. Krig har tjent mange værdifulde formål i fortiden, det har været et uundværlig stillads i opbygningen af civilisationen, men nu er det hurtigt ved at nå det kulturelle punkt for konkurs - ude af stand til at producere udbytte af social værdi der på nogen måde står i rimelig proportion til de frygtelige tab, dets påkaldelse medføre. |
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70:2.9 (785.14) War has had a certain evolutionary and selective value, but like slavery, it must sometime be abandoned as civilization slowly advances. Olden wars promoted travel and cultural intercourse; these ends are now better served by modern methods of transport and communication. Olden wars strengthened nations, but modern struggles disrupt civilized culture. Ancient warfare resulted in the decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of modern conflict is the selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted organization and efficiency, but these have now become the aims of modern industry. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed civilization forward; this result is now better attained by ambition and invention. Ancient warfare supported the concept of a God of battles, but modern man has been told that God is love. War has served many valuable purposes in the past, it has been an indispensable scaffolding in the building of civilization, but it is rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt—incapable of producing dividends of social gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its invocation. |
70:2.10 (786.1) På et tidspunkt troede lægerne på åreladning som en kur mod mange sygdomme, men de har siden opdaget bedre lægemidler for de fleste af disse lidelser. Således må den internationale blodsudgydelse i form af krig vige pladsen for opdagelsen af bedre metoder til at kurere dårligdomme i nationerne. |
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70:2.10 (786.1) At one time physicians believed in bloodletting as a cure for many diseases, but they have since discovered better remedies for most of these disorders. And so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the discovery of better methods for curing the ills of nations. |
70:2.11 (786.2) Nationerne på Urantia er allerede begyndt den gigantiske kamp mellem nationalistiske militarisme og industrialismen, og på mange måder er denne konflikt sammenlignelig med den årelange kamp mellem hyrde-jægeren og landmanden. Men hvis industrialismen skal sejre over militarismen, skal den undgå de farer, som truer den. Farerne ved den spirende industri på Urantia er: |
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70:2.11 (786.2) The nations of Urantia have already entered upon the gigantic struggle between nationalistic militarism and industrialism, and in many ways this conflict is analogous to the agelong struggle between the herder-hunter and the farmer. But if industrialism is to triumph over militarism, it must avoid the dangers which beset it. The perils of budding industry on Urantia are: |
70:2.12 (786.3) 1. Den stærke drift mod materialisme, åndelig blindhed. |
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70:2.12 (786.3) 1. The strong drift toward materialism, spiritual blindness. |
70:2.13 (786.4) 2. Tilbedelsen af rigdom-magt, værdi forvrængning. |
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70:2.13 (786.4) 2. The worship of wealth-power, value distortion. |
70:2.14 (786.5) 3. Overflods laster, kulturel umodenhed. |
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70:2.14 (786.5) 3. The vices of luxury, cultural immaturity. |
70:2.15 (786.6) 4. De stigende farer ved lediggang, tjenestevillighedens ufølsomhed. |
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70:2.15 (786.6) 4. The increasing dangers of indolence, service insensitivity. |
70:2.16 (786.7) 5. Tilvæksten af uønsket racemæssig eftergivenhed, biologisk nedbrydning. |
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70:2.16 (786.7) 5. The growth of undesirable racial softness, biologic deterioration. |
70:2.17 (786.8) 6. Truslen om standardiserede industrielt slaveri, personligheds stagnation. Arbejde er forædlende men slid er lammende. |
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70:2.17 (786.8) 6. The threat of standardized industrial slavery, personality stagnation. Labor is ennobling but drudgery is benumbing. |
70:2.18 (786.9) Militarisme er autokratisk og grusom - barbarisk. Det fremmer social organisation blandt erobrerne men opløser de besejrede. Industrialisme er mere civiliseret og det bør udvikles for at fremme initiativtagere og tilskynde individualisme. Samfundet bør på enhver mulig måde fremme originalitet. |
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70:2.18 (786.9) Militarism is autocratic and cruel—savage. It promotes social organization among the conquerors but disintegrates the vanquished. Industrialism is more civilized and should be so carried on as to promote initiative and to encourage individualism. Society should in every way possible foster originality. |
70:2.19 (786.10) Begå ikke den fejl at forherlige krig; det er bedre at indse, hvad det har gjort for samfundet, så I mere nøjagtigt kan visualisere hvad erstatninger kan gøre for at fortsætte med at føre samfundet fremad. Og hvis sådanne egnede erstatninger ikke er tilgængelige, så kan I være sikker på, at krig længe vil fortsætte. |
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70:2.19 (786.10) Do not make the mistake of glorifying war; rather discern what it has done for society so that you may the more accurately visualize what its substitutes must provide in order to continue the advancement of civilization. And if such adequate substitutes are not provided, then you may be sure that war will long continue. |
70:2.20 (786.11) Mennesket vil aldrig acceptere fred som en normal måde at leve, indtil det er blevet grundigt og gentagne gange overbevist om, at fred er bedst for hans materielle velfærd, og indtil samfundet klogt har tilvejebragt fredelige erstatninger for at tilfredsstillelse denne medfødte tendens til regelmæssigt at udløse den kollektive drift som har til hensigt at frigive de konstant akkumulerende følelser og energier, der tilhører selvopholdelsesdriften hos mennesket som art. |
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70:2.20 (786.11) Man will never accept peace as a normal mode of living until he has been thoroughly and repeatedly convinced that peace is best for his material welfare, and until society has wisely provided peaceful substitutes for the gratification of that inherent tendency periodically to let loose a collective drive designed to liberate those ever-accumulating emotions and energies belonging to the self-preservation reactions of the human species. |
70:2.21 (786.12) Selv i forbifarten, bør krig anerkendes som erfaringens skole, der tvang en race af arrogante individualister til at underkaste sig en stærkt koncentreret myndighed - den øverstkommanderende. Gammeldags krige udvalgte de medfødte store mænd til lederskab, men moderne krig gør ikke længere dette. For at opdage ledere må samfundet nu vende sig til de fredelige erobringer, industrien, videnskaben og samfundets resultatområder. |
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70:2.21 (786.12) But even in passing, war should be honored as the school of experience which compelled a race of arrogant individualists to submit themselves to highly concentrated authority—a chief executive. Old-fashioned war did select the innately great men for leadership, but modern war no longer does this. To discover leaders society must now turn to the conquests of peace: industry, science, and social achievement. |
3. Menneskets første sammenslutninger ^top |
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3. Early Human Associations ^top |
70:3.1 (787.1) I det mest primitive samfund er flokken alt; selv børn er dets fælles ejendom. Da familien blev udviklet fortrængte den flokken i børneopdragelse, mens de nye klaner og stammer fandt deres plads som en social enhed. |
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70:3.1 (787.1) In the most primitive society the horde is everything; even children are its common property. The evolving family displaced the horde in child rearing, while the emerging clans and tribes took its place as the social unit. |
70:3.2 (787.2) Seksuel sult og moderkærlighed lagde grunden til familien. Men ingen rigtig regering opstod, førend grupper større end familierne var begyndt at blive dannet. I flokken i tiderne før familiens tilblivelse blev lederskabet udøvet af uformelt udvalgte personer. Den afrikanske buskmænd har aldrig udviklet sig ud over dette primitive stadie; de har ingen høvdinge i flokken. |
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70:3.2 (787.2) Sex hunger and mother love establish the family. But real government does not appear until superfamily groups have begun to form. In the prefamily days of the horde, leadership was provided by informally chosen individuals. The African Bushmen have never progressed beyond this primitive stage; they do not have chiefs in the horde. |
70:3.3 (787.3) Familierne blev forenet af blodets bånd i klaner, klynger af pårørende; og disse udviklede sig efterfølgende til stammer, territoriale sammenslutninger. Krigsførelse og ydre pres tvang stammeorganisationen på slægtskabsklanerne, men det var handel og vareudveksling, der holdt disse tidlige og primitive grupper sammen med en vis grad af intern fred mellem dem. |
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70:3.3 (787.3) Families became united by blood ties in clans, aggregations of kinsmen; and these subsequently evolved into tribes, territorial communities. Warfare and external pressure forced the tribal organization upon the kinship clans, but it was commerce and trade that held these early and primitive groups together with some degree of internal peace. |
70:3.4 (787.4) Freden på Urantia vil blive fremmet langt mere af internationale handelsorganisationer end af de visionære fredsprojekters følelsesmæssige finesser. Handelsforbindelserne er blevet fremmet af sprogets udvikling og ved forbedrede metoder til kommunikation samt ved bedre transport. |
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70:3.4 (787.4) The peace of Urantia will be promoted far more by international trade organizations than by all the sentimental sophistry of visionary peace planning. Trade relations have been facilitated by development of language and by improved methods of communication as well as by better transportation. |
70:3.5 (787.5) Fraværet af et fælles sprog har altid hæmmet udviklingen af fredelige grupper, men penge er blevet det moderne fælles handelssprog. Det moderne samfund holdes i høj grad sammen af det industrielle marked. Fortjeneste motivet er en kraftig civilisere når det suppleres med ønsket om at tjene. |
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70:3.5 (787.5) The absence of a common language has always impeded the growth of peace groups, but money has become the universal language of modern trade. Modern society is largely held together by the industrial market. The gain motive is a mighty civilizer when augmented by the desire to serve. |
70:3.6 (787.6) Under de tidlige tidsaldre var hver stamme omgivet af koncentriske cirkler med stigende frygt og mistænksomhed; hvorfor det engang var skik at dræbe alle fremmede, senere, at slavebinde dem. Den gamle idé om venskab betød optagelse i klanen; og medlemskab af klanen mentes at fortsætte efter døden - et af de tidligste begreber om evigt liv. |
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70:3.6 (787.6) In the early ages each tribe was surrounded by concentric circles of increasing fear and suspicion; hence it was once the custom to kill all strangers, later on, to enslave them. The old idea of friendship meant adoption into the clan; and clan membership was believed to survive death—one of the earliest concepts of eternal life. |
70:3.7 (787.7) Optagelsesceremonien bestod i at drikke hinandens blod. I nogle grupper blev spyt udvekslet i stedet for at drikke blod, hvilket er den gamle oprindelse til kysset som skik i det sociale liv. Alle ceremonier som indebar en sammenslutning, uanset om det var ægteskab eller optagelse i stammen, blev altid afsluttet med fest. |
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70:3.7 (787.7) The ceremony of adoption consisted in drinking each other’s blood. In some groups saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the ancient origin of the practice of social kissing. And all ceremonies of association, whether marriage or adoption, were always terminated by feasting. |
70:3.8 (787.8) I senere tider blev blod fortyndet med rødvin og til sidst blev vin alene drukket for at forsegle optagelsesceremoni, der blev tilkendegivet med at man stødte vinbægrene sammen og afsluttede med at man sank drikken. Hebræerne anvendte en modificeret form af denne optagelsesceremoni. Deres arabiske forfædre anvendte en ed leveret mens kandidatens hånd hvilede på en indfødt stammemedlems kønsorgan. Hebræerne behandlede optagne udlændinge venligt og broderligt. "Den fremmede, der bor hos dig skal være som en født iblandt jer, og du skal elske ham som dig selv." |
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70:3.8 (787.8) In later times, blood diluted with red wine was used, and eventually wine alone was drunk to seal the adoption ceremony, which was signified in the touching of the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The Hebrews employed a modified form of this adoption ceremony. Their Arab ancestors made use of the oath taken while the hand of the candidate rested upon the generative organ of the tribal native. The Hebrews treated adopted aliens kindly and fraternally. “The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself.” |
70:3.9 (787.9) "Gæste venskab" var en relation af midlertidig gæstfrihed. Når besøgende gæster rejse bort, så var det skik at slå en skål i to dele, og give ét stykke til den afrejsende ven, så det kunne fungere som en passende introduktion til en tredjepart, der måske senere kunne tænkes at komme på besøg. Det var almindeligt at gæster betalte for sig selv ved at fortælle historier om deres rejser og eventyr. Historiefortællerne fra gamle dage blev så populær, at skikken til sidst forbød deres aktivitet enten under jagt eller i høst sæsoner. |
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70:3.9 (787.9) “Guest friendship” was a relation of temporary hospitality. When visiting guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the departing friend so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay their way by telling tales of their travels and adventures. The storytellers of olden times became so popular that the mores eventually forbade their functioning during either the hunting or harvest seasons. |
70:3.10 (788.1) De første fredstraktater var "blodets bånd." Fredsambassadørerne for de to stridende stammer ville mødes, hilste høfligt, og begyndte derefter at stikke sig i huden, indtil det blødte; hvorefter de ville suge hinandens blod og erklære fred. |
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70:3.10 (788.1) The first treaties of peace were the “blood bonds.” The peace ambassadors of two warring tribes would meet, pay their respects, and then proceed to prick the skin until it bled; whereupon they would suck each other’s blood and declare peace. |
70:3.11 (788.2) De første fredsmissioner bestod af delegationer af mænd der medbragte deres udvalg af jomfruer til seksuel tilfredsstillelse for deres tidligere fjender, hvorved den seksuelle appetit blev udnyttes i bekæmpelsen krigsdriften. Den stamme som på denne måde blev beæret ville så på et tilbagevendende besøg, gengælde udbuddet af jomfruer; hvorefter freden ville blive fast etableret. Og snart tillod man ægteskab mellem høvdingenes familier. |
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70:3.11 (788.2) The earliest peace missions consisted of delegations of men bringing their choice maidens for the sex gratification of their onetime enemies, the sex appetite being utilized in combating the war urge. The tribe so honored would pay a return visit, with its offering of maidens; whereupon peace would be firmly established. And soon intermarriages between the families of the chiefs were sanctioned. |
4. Klaner og stammer ^top |
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4. Clans and Tribes ^top |
70:4.1 (788.3) Den første fredelige gruppe var familien, så klanen, stammen, og senere folket, som til sidst blev til den moderne territoriale stat. Det forhold, at nutidens fredsgrupper for længst har ekspanderet ud over blodets bånd til at omfatte nationer er meget opmuntrende, på trods af at Urantias nationer stadig bruger enorme summer på krigsforberedelser. |
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70:4.1 (788.3) The first peace group was the family, then the clan, the tribe, and later on the nation, which eventually became the modern territorial state. The fact that the present-day peace groups have long since expanded beyond blood ties to embrace nations is most encouraging, despite the fact that Urantia nations are still spending vast sums on war preparations. |
70:4.2 (788.4) Klanerne var grupper forenet af blodets bånd inden for stammen, og deres eksistens afhang af nogle fælles interesser som: |
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70:4.2 (788.4) The clans were blood-tie groups within the tribe, and they owed their existence to certain common interests, such as: |
70:4.3 (788.5) 1. Afstamning tilbage til en fælles forfader. |
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70:4.3 (788.5) 1. Tracing origin back to a common ancestor. |
70:4.4 (788.6) 2. Troskab til en fælles religiøs totem. |
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70:4.4 (788.6) 2. Allegiance to a common religious totem. |
70:4.5 (788.7) 3. Samme dialekt. |
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70:4.5 (788.7) 3. Speaking the same dialect. |
70:4.6 (788.8) 4. Deling af fælles boplads. |
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70:4.6 (788.8) 4. Sharing a common dwelling place. |
70:4.7 (788.9) 5. Frygt for de samme fjender. |
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70:4.7 (788.9) 5. Fearing the same enemies. |
70:4.8 (788.10) 6. Fælles krigsoplevelser. |
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70:4.8 (788.10) 6. Having had a common military experience. |
70:4.9 (788.11) Klanernes ledere var altid underordnet stammehøvdingen, og de tidlige stammesamfund er en løs sammenslutning af klaner. De indfødte i Australien udviklede aldrig en stamme styreform. |
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70:4.9 (788.11) The clan headmen were always subordinate to the tribal chief, the early tribal governments being a loose confederation of clans. The native Australians never developed a tribal form of government. |
70:4.10 (788.12) Klanernes fredelige ledere herskede generelt i overensstemmelse med rækkefølgen af arv gennem den kvindelige linje; stammeområderne krigshøvdinge etablerede arve rækkefølgen gennem faderen linje. Stammehøvdingenes og de første kongers domstole bestod af klanernes ledere, som det var almindeligt at invitere til kongen flere gange om året. Dette gav kongen en mulighed for at holde øje med dem, og for bedre at sikre deres samarbejde. Klanerne tjente et værdifuldt formål i det lokale selvstyre, men de forsinkede kraftigt udviklingen af store og stærke nationer. |
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70:4.10 (788.12) The clan peace chiefs usually ruled through the mother line; the tribal war chiefs established the father line. The courts of the tribal chiefs and early kings consisted of the headmen of the clans, whom it was customary to invite into the king’s presence several times a year. This enabled him to watch them and the better secure their co-operation. The clans served a valuable purpose in local self-government, but they greatly delayed the growth of large and strong nations. |
5. Statsstyrets første stadier ^top |
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5. The Beginnings of Government ^top |
70:5.1 (788.13) Alle menneskelige institutioner havde en begyndelse, og civiladministrationen er et produkt af den gradvise fremadgående evolution lige så vel som ægteskab, industri, og religion er. Fra de første klaner og primitive stammer udvikledes der sig gradvist de forskellige slags af menneskelige styreformer, som er kommet og gået lige frem til de former for social og civil regulering, der kendetegner den anden tredjedel af det tyvende århundrede. |
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70:5.1 (788.13) Every human institution had a beginning, and civil government is a product of progressive evolution just as much as are marriage, industry, and religion. From the early clans and primitive tribes there gradually developed the successive orders of human government which have come and gone right on down to those forms of social and civil regulation that characterize the second third of the twentieth century. |
70:5.2 (788.14) Med den gradvise fremkomst af familie enheder blev grundlaget for regeringen etableret i klanorganisationen, grupper af familier der var blodbeslægtet. Det første egentlige statslige organ var de ældstes råd. Denne styregruppe bestod af gamle mænd, der havde udmærket sig på en eller anden effektiv måde. Visdom og erfaring blev tidligt værdsat selv af barbarer, og nu fulgte en lang tidsalder, hvor de ældste dominerede. Denne regeringstid med de gamles oligarki voksede sig gradvist til den patriarkalske idé. |
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70:5.2 (788.14) With the gradual emergence of the family units the foundations of government were established in the clan organization, the grouping of consanguineous families. The first real governmental body was the council of the elders. This regulative group was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in some efficient manner. Wisdom and experience were early appreciated even by barbaric man, and there ensued a long age of the domination of the elders. This reign of the oligarchy of age gradually grew into the patriarchal idea. |
70:5.3 (789.1) I de ældstes råd, i de tidligste tider, fandtes potentialet for alle statslige funktioner: udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende. Når rådet fortolkede de gældende skikke, var det en domstol; når de etablerede nye former for samfundstjeneste, var det et lovgivende organ; i den udstrækning disse beslutninger blev håndhævet, var det den udøvende magt. Formanden for Rådet var en af forløberne for de senere stammehøvdinge. |
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70:5.3 (789.1) In the early council of the elders there resided the potential of all governmental functions: executive, legislative, and judicial. When the council interpreted the current mores, it was a court; when establishing new modes of social usage, it was a legislature; to the extent that such decrees and enactments were enforced, it was the executive. The chairman of the council was one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief. |
70:5.4 (789.2) Nogle stammer havde kvindelige råd, og fra tid til anden havde mange stammer kvindelige herskere. Nogle af de røde menneskers stammer bevarede Onamonalontons undervisningen og fulgte "syvmedlemssrådets"."enstemmige afgørelser. |
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70:5.4 (789.2) Some tribes had female councils, and from time to time many tribes had women rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of Onamonalonton in following the unanimous rule of the “council of seven.” |
70:5.5 (789.3) Det har været svært for menneskeheden at erfare, at hverken fred eller krig kan køres af en diskussionsklub. De primitive "palaver" var sjældent nyttige. Menneskeracerne lærte tidligt, at en hær under kommando af en gruppe klanledere ingen chance havde mod en stærk hær ledt af en mand. Krig har altid været en kongemager. |
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70:5.5 (789.3) It has been hard for mankind to learn that neither peace nor war can be run by a debating society. The primitive “palavers” were seldom useful. The race early learned that an army commanded by a group of clan heads had no chance against a strong one-man army. War has always been a kingmaker. |
70:5.6 (789.4) I begyndelsen blev krigshøvdingene valgt kun til militære operationer, og de gav afkald fra en del af deres myndighed i fredstid, da deres opgaver var af mere social karakter. Men efterhånden begyndte de at gribe ind i freds perioderne, og havde en tendens til fortsat at herske fra en krig videre mod den næste. Ofte sørgede de for, at det ikke tog alt lang tid før den efterfølgende krig begyndte. Disse tidlige krigsherrer var ikke begejstret for fred. |
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70:5.6 (789.4) At first the war chiefs were chosen only for military service, and they would relinquish some of their authority during peacetimes, when their duties were of a more social nature. But gradually they began to encroach upon the peace intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next. They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These early war lords were not fond of peace. |
70:5.7 (789.5) I senere tider blev nogle af høvdingene valgt til andet end militærtjeneste, valgt på grund af deres usædvanlige fysik eller udestående personlige evner. De røde mennesker havde ofte to sæt høvdinge - sachems eller fredstidshøvdinge, og arvelige krigshøvdinge. Fredstidsherskerne var også dommere og lærere. |
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70:5.7 (789.5) In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than military service, being selected because of unusual physique or outstanding personal abilities. The red men often had two sets of chiefs—the sachems, or peace chiefs, and the hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also judges and teachers. |
70:5.8 (789.6) Nogle tidlige samfund blev regeret af medicin mænd, som ofte fungerede som høvdinge. En mand ville fungere som præst, læge, og administrerende udøver. Meget ofte havde de første kongelige distinktioner oprindeligt været symboler eller emblemer for præstelig kostymer. |
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70:5.8 (789.6) Some early communities were ruled by medicine men, who often acted as chiefs. One man would act as priest, physician, and chief executive. Quite often the early royal insignias had originally been the symbols or emblems of priestly dress. |
70:5.9 (789.7) Det var gennem disse trin, at den udøvende magt gradvist blev til. Klanen og stammeleders råd fortsatte som rådgivere og som forløbere for de senere fremkommende lovgivende og dømmende grene. I Afrika eksisterer der i dag faktisk alle disse primitive styreformer blandt de forskellige stammer. |
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70:5.9 (789.7) And it was by these steps that the executive branch of government gradually came into existence. The clan and tribal councils continued in an advisory capacity and as forerunners of the later appearing legislative and judicial branches. In Africa, today, all these forms of primitive government are in actual existence among the various tribes. |
6. Monarkisk regeringsform ^top |
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6. Monarchial Government ^top |
70:6.1 (789.8) Et effektivt statsstyre opstod først da man fik en chef med fuld udøvende myndighed. Mennesket fandt, at der kunne være en effektiv regering kun ved at overføre magt til en personlighed, ikke ved at give en idé. |
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70:6.1 (789.8) Effective state rule only came with the arrival of a chief with full executive authority. Man found that effective government could be had only by conferring power on a personality, not by endowing an idea. |
70:6.2 (789.9) Herredømmet voksede ud af ideen om familie myndighed eller rigdom. Når en patriarkalsk tronfølger blev en reel konge, blev han nogle gange kaldt "sit folks fader." Senere troede man at kongerne nedstammede fra helte. Og endnu senere begyndte herredømmet at gå i arv, som følge af troen på at konger havde en guddommelig oprindelse. |
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70:6.2 (789.9) Rulership grew out of the idea of family authority or wealth. When a patriarchal kinglet became a real king, he was sometimes called “father of his people.” Later on, kings were thought to have sprung from heroes. And still further on, rulership became hereditary, due to belief in the divine origin of kings. |
70:6.3 (789.10) Med arvelig kongemagt undgik man anarki, som tidligere havde gjort så meget ravage i tiden mellem kongens død og valget af en efterfølger. Familien havde en biologisk hoved; klanen, en valgt naturlig leder; stammen og senere stat havde ingen naturlige leder, og det var endnu en grund til at gøre høvdinge-kongerne arvelige. Ideen om kongelige familier og aristokrati var også baseret på de konventionelle regler for "navne ejerskab" i klanerne. |
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70:6.3 (789.10) Hereditary kingship avoided the anarchy which had previously wrought such havoc between the death of a king and the election of a successor. The family had a biologic head; the clan, a selected natural leader; the tribe and later state had no natural leader, and this was an additional reason for making the chief-kings hereditary. The idea of royal families and aristocracy was also based on the mores of “name ownership” in the clans. |
70:6.4 (790.1) Kongernes tronfølge blev til sidst betragtet som overnaturlige, og man tænkte sig at det kongelige blod strakte sig tilbage til de tider for Prins Caligastias materialiserede personale. Således blev kongerne fetich personligheder og umådeligt frygtet, og de udviklet en særlig måde at tale på, som blev brugt ved hoffet. Selv i nyere tid troede man, at kongens berøring ville helbrede sygdomme, og nogle af Urantias folk mener stadig at deres herskere har haft en guddommelig oprindelse. |
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70:6.4 (790.1) The succession of kings was eventually regarded as supernatural, the royal blood being thought to extend back to the times of the materialized staff of Prince Caligastia. Thus kings became fetish personalities and were inordinately feared, a special form of speech being adopted for court usage. Even in recent times it was believed that the touch of kings would cure disease, and some Urantia peoples still regard their rulers as having had a divine origin. |
70:6.5 (790.2) Den tidlige fetich konge blev ofte holdt i afsondrethed; han blev betragtet som alt for helligt til at blive set af andre end på festdage og helligdage. Normalt valgte man en repræsentant til at personificere ham, og det er oprindelsen af statsministre. Den første officer i kongens kabinet var en fødevare administrator; andre fulgte snart efter. Herskerne udpegede snart repræsentanter med ansvar for handel og religion. Udviklingen af et kabinet var et direkte skridt mod afpersonificering af den udøvende magt. Disse assistenter til de gamle konger dannede den accepterede adel, og kongens kone steg gradvist til en dronnings værdighed efterhånden som kvinder begyndte at blive mere værdsat. |
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70:6.5 (790.2) The early fetish king was often kept in seclusion; he was regarded as too sacred to be viewed except on feast days and holy days. Ordinarily a representative was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the origin of prime ministers. The first cabinet officer was a food administrator; others shortly followed. Rulers soon appointed representatives to be in charge of commerce and religion; and the development of a cabinet was a direct step toward depersonalization of executive authority. These assistants of the early kings became the accepted nobility, and the king’s wife gradually rose to the dignity of queen as women came to be held in higher esteem. |
70:6.6 (790.3) Skrupelløse herskere opnået stor magt ved opdagelsen af gift. Den tidlige domstols magi var djævelske; kongens fjender døde hurtigt. Men selv de mest despotiske tyranner var underlagt visse begrænsninger; han blev i det mindste fastholdt af den allestedsnærværende frygt for snigmord. Medicinmænd, heksedoktorer og præster har altid effektivt holdt konger i skak. Efterfølgende udøvede godsejerne, adelen, en begrænsende indflydelse. Ind i mellem gjorde klanerne og stammer oprør og væltede deres despoter og tyranner fra magten. Afsatte herskere, der blev dømt til døden, fik ofte mulighed for at begå selvmord, som gav oprindelse til tidlige samfunds modemani til at begå selvmord under visse omstændigheder. |
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70:6.6 (790.3) Unscrupulous rulers gained great power by the discovery of poison. Early court magic was diabolical; the king’s enemies soon died. But even the most despotic tyrant was subject to some restrictions; he was at least restrained by the ever-present fear of assassination. The medicine men, witch doctors, and priests have always been a powerful check on the kings. Subsequently, the landowners, the aristocracy, exerted a restraining influence. And ever and anon the clans and tribes would simply rise up and overthrow their despots and tyrants. Deposed rulers, when sentenced to death, were often given the option of committing suicide, which gave origin to the ancient social vogue of suicide in certain circumstances. |
7. Primitive klubber og hemmelige selvskaber ^top |
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7. Primitive Clubs and Secret Societies ^top |
70:7.1 (790.4) Blodsbånd bestemte de første grupper i samfundet; sammenslutninger udvidede den slægtskabs baserede klan. Ægteskaber mellem klaner var det næste skridt i udvidelsen af gruppen, og den multiforgrenede stamme som dette blev til var den første sande politiske enhed. Det næste fremskridt i den sociale udvikling var udviklingen af religiøse kulter og de politiske klubber. Disse optrådte først som hemmelige selskaber og var oprindeligt kun religiøse; senere blev de normgivende. Først var disse klubber kun for mænd; senere opstod kvindeklubber. Snart blev de opdelt i to klasser: socialpolitiske og religiøst mystiske. |
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70:7.1 (790.4) Blood kinship determined the first social groups; association enlarged the kinship clan. Intermarriage was the next step in group enlargement, and the resultant complex tribe was the first true political body. The next advance in social development was the evolution of religious cults and the political clubs. These first appeared as secret societies and originally were wholly religious; subsequently they became regulative. At first they were men’s clubs; later women’s groups appeared. Presently they became divided into two classes: sociopolitical and religio-mystical. |
70:7.2 (790.5) Der var mange grunde til at disse samfund var hemmelige, |
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70:7.2 (790.5) There were many reasons for the secrecy of these societies, such as: |
70:7.3 (790.6) 1. Frygt for at falde i unåde hos magthaverne på grund af overtrædelse af tabu. |
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70:7.3 (790.6) 1. Fear of incurring the displeasure of the rulers because of the violation of some taboo. |
70:7.4 (790.7) 2. Udnyttelse af ritualer i en minoritetsreligion. |
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70:7.4 (790.7) 2. In order to practice minority religious rites. |
70:7.5 (790.8) 3. Bevarelse af værdifulde "ånde" eller forretningshemmeligheder. |
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70:7.5 (790.8) 3. For the purpose of preserving valuable “spirit” or trade secrets. |
70:7.6 (790.9) 4. Deltagelse i en bestemt fortryllelse eller magi. |
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70:7.6 (790.9) 4. For the enjoyment of some special charm or magic. |
70:7.7 (790.10) Selve det hemmelighedsfulde omkring disse samfund gav deres medlemmer mysteriets magt over resten af stammen. Det hemmelighedsfulde appellerer også til forfængelighed; de indviede var i deres egen tid samfundets aristokrati. Efter indvielsen jagede drengene med mændene; mens de før havde samlet grøntsager med kvinderne. Det var den største ydmygelse, en skam i stammens øjne, ikke at bestå pubertetstesten og dermed være tvunget til at forblive med kvinder og børn udenfor mændenes bolig, dette blev anset for at være feminiseret. Desuden havde de uindviede ikke lov til at gifte sig. |
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70:7.7 (790.10) The very secrecy of these societies conferred on all members the power of mystery over the rest of the tribe. Secrecy also appeals to vanity; the initiates were the social aristocracy of their day. After initiation the boys hunted with the men; whereas before they had gathered vegetables with the women. And it was the supreme humiliation, a tribal disgrace, to fail to pass the puberty tests and thus be compelled to remain outside the men’s abode with the women and children, to be considered effeminate. Besides, noninitiates were not allowed to marry. |
70:7.8 (791.1) De første tiders mennesker lærte meget tidligt deres opvoksende unge seksuel tilbageholdenhed. Det blev skik at tage drengene væk fra deres forældre fra puberteten til de giftede sig, og deres uddannelse blev betroet til mændenes hemmelige selskaber. En af de vigtigste opgaver for disse klubber var at holde unge mænd under kontrol og dermed forhindre, at der opstod uægte børn. |
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70:7.8 (791.1) Primitive people very early taught their adolescent youths sex control. It became the custom to take boys away from parents from puberty to marriage, their education and training being intrusted to the men’s secret societies. And one of the chief functions of these clubs was to keep control of adolescent young men, thus preventing illegitimate children. |
70:7.9 (791.2) Kommercialiseret prostitution begyndte, da disse klubber for mænd betalte penge for brugen af kvinder fra andre stammer. Men de tidligste grupper var bemærkelsesværdigt fri for seksuel promiskuitet. |
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70:7.9 (791.2) Commercialized prostitution began when these men’s clubs paid money for the use of women from other tribes. But the earlier groups were remarkably free from sex laxity. |
70:7.10 (791.3) Pubertetstidens indvielsesceremoni strakte sig normalt over en periode på fem år. Meget selvplageri og smertefuld skæring indgik i disse ceremonier. Omskæring blev først praktiseret som et ritual til indvielse i et af disse hemmelige broderskaber. Stammens kendetegn blev skåret på kroppen som en del af pubertetsindvielsen; tatoveringen opstod som et sådan tegn på medlemskab. En sådan tortur, sammen med mange afsavn, var designet til at hærde disse unge, at indprente dem med livets virkelighed og dets uundgåelige strabadser. Disse mål opnås bedre med sportskonkurrencer og fysiske kraftprøver som senere opstod. |
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70:7.10 (791.3) The puberty initiation ceremony usually extended over a period of five years. Much self-torture and painful cutting entered into these ceremonies. Circumcision was first practiced as a rite of initiation into one of these secret fraternities. The tribal marks were cut on the body as a part of the puberty initiation; the tattoo originated as such a badge of membership. Such torture, together with much privation, was designed to harden these youths, to impress them with the reality of life and its inevitable hardships. This purpose is better accomplished by the later appearing athletic games and physical contests. |
70:7.11 (791.4) De hemmelige selskaber stræbte sig virkelig på at forbedre de unges moral; et af de vigtigste formål med pubertetsceremonierne var at indprente den unge mand, at han måtte lade andre mænds koner alene. |
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70:7.11 (791.4) But the secret societies did aim at the improvement of adolescent morals; one of the chief purposes of the puberty ceremonies was to impress upon the boy that he must leave other men’s wives alone. |
70:7.12 (791.5) Efter disse års med streng disciplin og uddannelse blev de unge mænd normalt frigivet i en kort periode af fritid og frihed, lige før ægteskabet, hvorefter de vendte tilbage for at gifte sig og underkaste sig til stammeområderne tabuer for hele livet. Denne gamle skik har overlevet til moderne tider, som det tåbelige begreb om at "så sin flyvehavre." |
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70:7.12 (791.5) Following these years of rigorous discipline and training and just before marriage, the young men were usually released for a short period of leisure and freedom, after which they returned to marry and to submit to lifelong subjection to the tribal taboos. And this ancient custom has continued down to modern times as the foolish notion of “sowing wild oats.” |
70:7.13 (791.6) Mange senere stammer godkendte dannelsen af kvinders hemmelige klubber, hvis formål var at forberede unge opvoksende piger til livet som hustru og mor. Efter åbningsceremonien var piger i den giftefærdige alder og fik lov til at deltage i "brude festen," den tids introduktion til det sociale liv. Kvindeordner hvis medlemmer havde lovet at afstå fra ægteskab opstod tidligt. |
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70:7.13 (791.6) Many later tribes sanctioned the formation of women’s secret clubs, the purpose of which was to prepare adolescent girls for wifehood and motherhood. After initiation girls were eligible for marriage and were permitted to attend the “bride show,” the coming-out party of those days. Women’s orders pledged against marriage early came into existence. |
70:7.14 (791.7) Snart opstod klubber der ikke var hemmelige, grupper af ugifte mænd og grupper af ugifte kvinder dannede deres separate organisationer. Disse sammenslutninger var faktisk de første skoler. Da mænd og kvinders klubber ofte havde tendens til at komme på kant med hinanden, eksperimenterede nogle avancerede stammer, efter at de havde været i kontakt med lærerne i Dalamatia, med fælles skoleundervisning, for begge køn. |
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70:7.14 (791.7) Presently nonsecret clubs made their appearance when groups of unmarried men and groups of unattached women formed their separate organizations. These associations were really the first schools. And while men’s and women’s clubs were often given to persecuting each other, some advanced tribes, after contact with the Dalamatia teachers, experimented with coeducation, having boarding schools for both sexes. |
70:7.15 (791.8) Hemmelige selskaber bidrog til stigningen af sociale kaster hovedsagelig på grund af den mystiske karakter af deres indvielser. Medlemmerne af disse samfund bar til en begyndelse masker for at skræmme de nysgerrige væk fra deres sørge ritualer - tilbedelsen af forfædre. Senere udviklede dette ritual sig til en pseudo seance, hvor spøgelser havde ry for at have optrådt. De gamle samfund i den "nye fødsel" brugte tegn og benyttede et særlig hemmelig sprog; de afsvor sig også visse fødevarer og drikkevarer. De fungerede som nattepoliti og arbejdede i øvrigt i en bred vifte af samfundsaktiviteter. |
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70:7.15 (791.8) Secret societies contributed to the building up of social castes chiefly by the mysterious character of their initiations. The members of these societies first wore masks to frighten the curious away from their mourning rites—ancestor worship. Later this ritual developed into a pseudo seance at which ghosts were reputed to have appeared. The ancient societies of the “new birth” used signs and employed a special secret language; they also forswore certain foods and drinks. They acted as night police and otherwise functioned in a wide range of social activities. |
70:7.16 (792.1) Alle hemmelige sammenslutninger afkrævede en ed, indskærpede tillid og understregede bevarelsen af fortrolighed. Disse ordner imponerede og kontrollerede folkemasserne; de fungerede også som vagtværn i samfundet, praktiserende lynchlov. De var de første spioner når stammerne var i krig, og det første hemmelige politi under fredstid. Bedst af alt, de holdt skrupelløse konger usikre på deres magt. Som modvægt holdt kongerne deres egne hemmelige politi. |
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70:7.16 (792.1) All secret associations imposed an oath, enjoined confidence, and taught the keeping of secrets. These orders awed and controlled the mobs; they also acted as vigilance societies, thus practicing lynch law. They were the first spies when the tribes were at war and the first secret police during times of peace. Best of all they kept unscrupulous kings on the anxious seat. To offset them, the kings fostered their own secret police. |
70:7.17 (792.2) Disse samfund gav anledning til de første politiske partier. De første partier i samfundet bestod af "de stærke" vs. "de svage" i opposition. I gamle tider blev et regeringsskifte kun efterfulgt af en borgerkrig -tilstrækkeligt med bevis for, at den svage var blevet stærk. |
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70:7.17 (792.2) These societies gave rise to the first political parties. The first party government was “the strong” vs. “the weak.” In ancient times a change of administration only followed civil war, abundant proof that the weak had become strong. |
70:7.18 (792.3) Disse klubber blev brugt af handlende til at indsamle gæld og af herskere til at opkræve skatter. Beskatningen har været en lang kamp, en af de tidligste former var tiende, en tiendedel af jagten eller byttet. Skatter blev oprindeligt opkrævet for at opretholde kongens husholdning, men man fandt snart ud af, at det var lettere at indsamle skatterne, når de var maskeret som offergave til støtte af tempeltjenesten. |
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70:7.18 (792.3) These clubs were employed by merchants to collect debts and by rulers to collect taxes. Taxation has been a long struggle, one of the earliest forms being the tithe, one tenth of the hunt or spoils. Taxes were originally levied to keep up the king’s house, but it was found that they were easier to collect when disguised as an offering for the support of the temple service. |
70:7.19 (792.4) Til sidst voksede disse hemmelige sammenslutninger ud til de første velgørende organisationer og udviklede sig til de tidlige tiders religiøse samfund - kirkernes forgængere. Til slut kom en del af disse sammenslutninger til at omfatte flere samfund, de første internationale broderskaber. |
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70:7.19 (792.4) By and by these secret associations grew into the first charitable organizations and later evolved into the earlier religious societies—the forerunners of churches. Finally some of these societies became intertribal, the first international fraternities. |
8. Samfundets klasser ^top |
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8. Social Classes ^top |
70:8.1 (792.5) Den psykiske og fysiske ulighed af mennesker sikrer, at sociale klasser vil opstå. De eneste verdener uden sociale lag er de mest primitive og mest avancerede. I en gryende civilisation er differentieringen af sociale niveauer endnu ikke begyndt, mens en verden som er stabiliseret i lys og liv stort set har udslettet disse afdelinger af menneskeheden, som er så karakteristisk for alle mellemliggende evolutionære stadier. |
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70:8.1 (792.5) The mental and physical inequality of human beings insures that social classes will appear. The only worlds without social strata are the most primitive and the most advanced. A dawning civilization has not yet begun the differentiation of social levels, while a world settled in light and life has largely effaced these divisions of mankind, which are so characteristic of all intermediate evolutionary stages. |
70:8.2 (792.6) Da samfundet hævede sig fra vildskab til det barbariske niveau, havde mennesker en tendens til at blive grupperet i klasser for følgende generelle grunde: |
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70:8.2 (792.6) As society emerged from savagery to barbarism, its human components tended to become grouped in classes for the following general reasons: |
70:8.3 (792.7) 1. Naturlige - nærkontakt, slægtskab og ægteskab; de første sociale forskelle var baseret på køn, alder, og blodbånd - slægtskab til høvdingen. |
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70:8.3 (792.7) 1. Natural—contact, kinship, and marriage; the first social distinctions were based on sex, age, and blood—kinship to the chief. |
70:8.4 (792.8) 2. Personlige - anerkendelse af evner, udholdenhed, dygtighed og tapperhed; snart efterfulgt af anerkendelsen af sprogets beherskelse, viden og generel intelligens. |
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70:8.4 (792.8) 2. Personal—the recognition of ability, endurance, skill, and fortitude; soon followed by the recognition of language mastery, knowledge, and general intelligence. |
70:8.5 (792.9) 3. Tilfældighed - krig og udvandring resulterede i adskillelse af menneske grupper. Klasse evolutionen blev kraftigt påvirket af erobring, sejrherrens forhold til de besejrede, mens slaveriet medførte den første generelle opdeling af samfundet i frie og trælle. |
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70:8.5 (792.9) 3. Chance—war and emigration resulted in the separating of human groups. Class evolution was powerfully influenced by conquest, the relation of the victor to the vanquished, while slavery brought about the first general division of society into free and bond. |
70:8.6 (792.10) 4. Økonomiske— rige og fattige. Rigdom og slave ejerskabet var den iboende årsag til fremkomsten af en af klasserne i samfundet. |
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70:8.6 (792.10) 4. Economic—rich and poor. Wealth and the possession of slaves was a genetic basis for one class of society. |
70:8.7 (792.11) 5. Geografiske - klasser opstod som følge af bosættelse i byer eller landdistrikter. By og land har hver for sig bidraget til differentieringen af hyrde-landmanden og købmand-industrimanden, med deres divergerende synspunkter og reaktioner. |
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70:8.7 (792.11) 5. Geographic—classes arose consequent upon urban or rural settlement. City and country have respectively contributed to the differentiation of the herder-agriculturist and the trader-industrialist, with their divergent viewpoints and reactions. |
70:8.8 (792.12) 6. Sociale - klasser blev efterhånden dannet i overensstemmelse med den generelle opfattelse af forskellige gruppers sociale værdi. Blandt de tidligste inddelinger af denne slags var skillelinjerne mellem præster-lærere, herskere-krigere, kapitalister-købmænd, almindelige arbejdere og slaver. Slaven kunne aldrig blive en kapitalist, men nogle gange kan lønmodtageren vælge at slutte sig til kapitalisternes rækker. |
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70:8.8 (792.12) 6. Social—classes have gradually formed according to popular estimate of the social worth of different groups. Among the earliest divisions of this sort were the demarcations between priest-teachers, ruler-warriors, capitalist-traders, common laborers, and slaves. The slave could never become a capitalist, though sometimes the wage earner could elect to join the capitalistic ranks. |
70:8.9 (793.1) 7. Faglige - efterhånden som erhverv blev mangfoldiggjort, dannede de en tendens til at etablere kaster og ordener. Arbejdstagerne blev opdelt i tre grupper: de liberale erhverv, herunder medicin mænd, derefter de faglærte arbejdere, efterfulgt af de ufaglærte arbejdere. |
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70:8.9 (793.1) 7. Vocational—as vocations multiplied, they tended to establish castes and guilds. Workers divided into three groups: the professional classes, including the medicine men, then the skilled workers, followed by the unskilled laborers. |
70:8.10 (793.2) 8. Religiøse - de tidlige kult samfund skabte deres egne klasser indenfor klanerne og stammerne, og fromheden og mystikken hos præsterne har længe gjort dem til en særskilt social gruppe. |
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70:8.10 (793.2) 8. Religious—the early cult clubs produced their own classes within the clans and tribes, and the piety and mysticism of the priests have long perpetuated them as a separate social group. |
70:8.11 (793.3) 9. Racemæssige - tilstedeværelsen af to eller flere racer inden for en given nation eller territorial enhed skabte normalt kaster efter hudfarve. Det oprindelige kastesystem i Indien var baseret på hudfarve, hvilket også var tilfælde i det tidlige Egypten. |
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70:8.11 (793.3) 9. Racial—the presence of two or more races within a given nation or territorial unit usually produces color castes. The original caste system of India was based on color, as was that of early Egypt. |
70:8.12 (793.4) 10. Aldersbaserede - ungdom og voksenliv. Blandt stammerne forblev drengen under tilsyn af sin far, så længe faderen levede, mens pigen forblev i sin mors omsorg, indtil hun giftede sig. |
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70:8.12 (793.4) 10. Age—youth and maturity. Among the tribes the boy remained under the watchcare of his father as long as the father lived, while the girl was left in the care of her mother until married. |
70:8.13 (793.5) Fleksible og skiftende sociale klasser er uundværlige for en udviklende civilisation, men når klasse bliver kaste, når sociale niveauer forstenes, er en forbedring af den sociale stabilitet erstattet af formindskelse af personligt initiativ. Sociale kaster løser problemet med at finde en plads i industrien, men de begrænser også kraftigt den enkeltes udvikling og næsten forhindrer social samarbejde. |
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70:8.13 (793.5) Flexible and shifting social classes are indispensable to an evolving civilization, but when class becomes caste, when social levels petrify, the enhancement of social stability is purchased by diminishment of personal initiative. Social caste solves the problem of finding one’s place in industry, but it also sharply curtails individual development and virtually prevents social co-operation. |
70:8.14 (793.6) Samfundsklasserne, der er dannet naturligt, vil bestå indtil mennesket gradvist opnår deres evolutionære udslettelse gennem intelligent manipulation af biologiske, intellektuelle og åndelige ressourcer i en fremadudviklende civilisation, såsom: |
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70:8.14 (793.6) Classes in society, having naturally formed, will persist until man gradually achieves their evolutionary obliteration through intelligent manipulation of the biologic, intellectual, and spiritual resources of a progressing civilization, such as: |
70:8.15 (793.7) 1. Biologisk renovering af de racemæssige bestande - den selektive fjernelse af laverestående racemæssige elementer. Dette er egnet til at udrydde mange dødelige uligheder. |
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70:8.15 (793.7) 1. Biologic renovation of the racial stocks—the selective elimination of inferior human strains. This will tend to eradicate many mortal inequalities. |
70:8.16 (793.8) 2. Pædagogisk uddannelse af den øgede hjernekapacitet, som en sådan biologisk forbedring vil medføre. |
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70:8.16 (793.8) 2. Educational training of the increased brain power which will arise out of such biologic improvement. |
70:8.17 (793.9) 3. Religiøs genoplivning af følelser for dødelige slægtskab og broderskab mellem mennesker. |
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70:8.17 (793.9) 3. Religious quickening of the feelings of mortal kinship and brotherhood. |
70:8.18 (793.10) Disse foranstaltninger kan kun bære deres sande frugter i de fjerne årtusinders fremtid, selv om mange sociale forbedringer bliver det umiddelbare resultat af en intelligent, klog, og tålmodig tilpasning af disse accelerationsfaktorer af kulturel udvikling. Religionen er den mægtige løftestang, der løfter civilisationen fra kaos, men den er magtesløs uden et omdrejningspunkt i form af et sundt og normalt sind som hviler sikkert på en sund og normal arvelighed. |
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70:8.18 (793.10) But these measures can bear their true fruits only in the distant millenniums of the future, although much social improvement will immediately result from the intelligent, wise, and patient manipulation of these acceleration factors of cultural progress. Religion is the mighty lever that lifts civilization from chaos, but it is powerless apart from the fulcrum of sound and normal mind resting securely on sound and normal heredity. |
9. Menneske rettigheder ^top |
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9. Human Rights ^top |
70:9.1 (793.11) Naturen giver ingen rettigheder til mennesker, kun liv og en verden, hvor det kan leves. Naturen giver ikke engang retten til at leve, hvilket kan udledes ved at overveje, hvad der sandsynligvis ville ske, hvis en ubevæbnet mand mødte en sulten tiger ansigt til ansigt i urskoven. Samfundets hovedopgave til mennesket er sikkerhed. |
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70:9.1 (793.11) Nature confers no rights on man, only life and a world in which to live it. Nature does not even confer the right to live, as might be deduced by considering what would likely happen if an unarmed man met a hungry tiger face to face in the primitive forest. Society’s prime gift to man is security. |
70:9.2 (793.12) Gradvis vil samfundet hævde sine rettigheder, og på nuværende tidspunkt, er de: |
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70:9.2 (793.12) Gradually society asserted its rights and, at the present time, they are: |
70:9.3 (793.13) 1. Sikring af fødevareforsyningen. |
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70:9.3 (793.13) 1. Assurance of food supply. |
70:9.4 (793.14) 2. Militært forsvar - sikkerhed gennem beredskab. |
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70:9.4 (793.14) 2. Military defense—security through preparedness. |
70:9.5 (793.15) 3. Intern freds bevarelse - forebyggelse af personlig vold og uorden i samfundet. |
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70:9.5 (793.15) 3. Internal peace preservation—prevention of personal violence and social disorder. |
70:9.6 (794.1) 4. Seksuel kontrol - ægteskab, familie institutionen. |
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70:9.6 (794.1) 4. Sex control—marriage, the family institution. |
70:9.7 (794.2) 5. Ejendom - retten til at eje. |
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70:9.7 (794.2) 5. Property—the right to own. |
70:9.8 (794.3) 6. Fremme af individuel og gruppe konkurrence. |
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70:9.8 (794.3) 6. Fostering of individual and group competition. |
70:9.9 (794.4) 7. Hensættelser til ungdomsuddannelse og erhvervsuddannelse. |
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70:9.9 (794.4) 7. Provision for educating and training youth. |
70:9.10 (794.5) 8. Fremme af vareudveksling og handel - industriel udvikling. |
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70:9.10 (794.5) 8. Promotion of trade and commerce—industrial development. |
70:9.11 (794.6) 9. Forbedring af arbejdsvilkår og belønninger. |
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70:9.11 (794.6) 9. Improvement of labor conditions and rewards. |
70:9.12 (794.7) 10. Garanteret frihed til gudsdyrkelse, hvilket betyder, at alle disse andre sociale aktiviteter kan forædles ved at blive åndeligt motiverende. |
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70:9.12 (794.7) 10. The guarantee of the freedom of religious practices to the end that all of these other social activities may be exalted by becoming spiritually motivated. |
70:9.13 (794.8) Når rettigheder er så gamle at man ikke kender til deres oprindelse, kaldes de ofte naturlige rettigheder. Men menneskerettigheder er faktisk ikke naturlige; de er helt samfundsskabte. De er relative og stadigt skiftende, intet mere end reglerne i spillet - anerkendte justeringer af betingelserne der styrer de stadigt skiftende rivaliseringer mellem mennesker. |
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70:9.13 (794.8) When rights are old beyond knowledge of origin, they are often called natural rights. But human rights are not really natural; they are entirely social. They are relative and ever changing, being no more than the rules of the game—recognized adjustments of relations governing the ever-changing phenomena of human competition. |
70:9.14 (794.9) Hvad der anses som ret i en tidsalder kan ikke anset således i en anden. Overlevelsen af et stort antal defekte og degenererede, beror ikke på, at de har nogen naturlig ret til således at belaste civilisationen af det tyvende århundrede, men blot fordi samfundet i denne tidsalder, således dekreter disse skikke. |
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70:9.14 (794.9) What may be regarded as right in one age may not be so regarded in another. The survival of large numbers of defectives and degenerates is not because they have any natural right thus to encumber twentieth-century civilization, but simply because the society of the age, the mores, thus decrees. |
70:9.15 (794.10) Få menneskerettigheder blev anerkendt i den europæiske middelalder. Da tilhørte hvert menneske en anden, og rettighederne var kun privilegier eller fordele ydet af staten eller kirken. Oprøret fra denne vildfarelse var lige så fejlagtig, idet den førte til den overbevisning, at alle mennesker er født lige. |
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70:9.15 (794.10) Few human rights were recognized in the European Middle Ages; then every man belonged to someone else, and rights were only privileges or favors granted by state or church. And the revolt from this error was equally erroneous in that it led to the belief that all men are born equal. |
70:9.16 (794.11) De svage og laverestående har altid kæmpet for lige rettigheder; de har altid insisteret på, at staten tvinger de stærke og overlegen til at tilgodese deres behov og på anden måde godtgøre de mangler, der alt for ofte er et naturligt resultat af deres egen ligegyldighed og magelighed. |
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70:9.16 (794.11) The weak and the inferior have always contended for equal rights; they have always insisted that the state compel the strong and superior to supply their wants and otherwise make good those deficiencies which all too often are the natural result of their own indifference and indolence. |
70:9.17 (794.12) Dette lighedsideal er barn af civilisationen; det findes ikke i naturen. Selve kulturen selv demonstrerer overbevisende folks iboende uligheder og deres meget ulige evne til at drage fordel af den. En pludselige og ikke-evolutionær realisering af en formodet naturlig lighed ville hurtigt kaste det civiliserede menneske tilbage til primitive tidsaldres grove manerer og skikke. Samfundet kan ikke tilbyde alle lige rettigheder, men det kan forpligte sig til en retfærdighed og upartisk administration af hver og ens forskellige rettigheder. Det er samfundets opgave og forpligtigelse at give et barn af naturen en retfærdig og fredelig mulighed for at tjene til livets opretholdelse, deltage i forplantningen, og på samme tid få del i en vis grad af nydelse og glæde, summen af alle tre udgør menneskelig lykke. |
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70:9.17 (794.12) But this equality ideal is the child of civilization; it is not found in nature. Even culture itself demonstrates conclusively the inherent inequality of men by their very unequal capacity therefor. The sudden and nonevolutionary realization of supposed natural equality would quickly throw civilized man back to the crude usages of primitive ages. Society cannot offer equal rights to all, but it can promise to administer the varying rights of each with fairness and equity. It is the business and duty of society to provide the child of nature with a fair and peaceful opportunity to pursue self-maintenance, participate in self-perpetuation, while at the same time enjoying some measure of self-gratification, the sum of all three constituting human happiness. |
10. Rettens udvikling ^top |
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10. Evolution of Justice ^top |
70:10.1 (794.13) Naturlig retfærdighed er en menneskeskabt teori; det er ikke en realitet. I naturen, er retfærdighed rent teoretisk, helt en fiktion. Naturen tilbyder kun en slags retfærdighed - at konsekvenserne uundgåeligt retter sig efter årsagerne. |
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70:10.1 (794.13) Natural justice is a man-made theory; it is not a reality. In nature, justice is purely theoretic, wholly a fiction. Nature provides but one kind of justice—inevitable conformity of results to causes. |
70:10.2 (794.14) Retfærdighed, som den opfattes af mennesker, indebær at man får sine rettigheder realiseret, og det har derfor gennemgået en gradvis udvikling. Opfattelsen af retfærdighed kan meget vel indgå som en bestanddel i et ånds begavet sind, men den fremtræder ikke pludselig færdig udviklet i verdnerne i rummet. |
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70:10.2 (794.14) Justice, as conceived by man, means getting one’s rights and has, therefore, been a matter of progressive evolution. The concept of justice may well be constitutive in a spirit-endowed mind, but it does not spring full-fledgedly into existence on the worlds of space. |
70:10.3 (794.15) Det primitive menneske henførte alle fænomener til en person. I tilfælde af død spurgte den vilde, ikke hvad dræbte ham, men hvem? Utilsigtet mord blev derfor ikke anerkendt, og straffen for forbrydelsen tog derfor ikke hensyn til den kriminelles motiv; dommen blev afsagt i henhold til de skader, der var forårsaget. |
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70:10.3 (794.15) Primitive man assigned all phenomena to a person. In case of death the savage asked, not what killed him, but who? Accidental murder was not therefore recognized, and in the punishment of crime the motive of the criminal was wholly disregarded; judgment was rendered in accordance with the injury done. |
70:10.4 (795.1) I de tidligste primitive samfund virkede den offentlige mening direkte; politi var ikke nødvendig. Der var intet privat liv i primitive tider. Et menneskes naboer var ansvarlig for dets adfærd, derfor havde de ret til at snage i hinandens personlige anliggender. Samfundet blev reguleret på den teori, at gruppemedlemskabet bør have en interesse i, og en vis grad af kontrol over, den enkeltes adfærd. |
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70:10.4 (795.1) In the earliest primitive society public opinion operated directly; officers of law were not needed. There was no privacy in primitive life. A man’s neighbors were responsible for his conduct; therefore their right to pry into his personal affairs. Society was regulated on the theory that the group membership should have an interest in, and some degree of control over, the behavior of each individual. |
70:10.5 (795.2) Meget tidligt troede man, at spøgelser administrerede retfærdighed gennem medicinmænd og præster; dette gjorde disse klasser til de første kriminalitets efterforskere og rets tjenere. Deres tidlige metoder til påvisning af kriminalitet bestod i at gennemføre prøvelser af gift, ild og smerte. Disse grusomme prøvelser var intet andet end grove voldgifts sager; der ikke nødvendigvis bilagde en tvist retfærdigt. For eksempel: Når gift blev administreret, hvis den anklagede kastede op, var han uskyldig. |
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70:10.5 (795.2) It was very early believed that ghosts administered justice through the medicine men and priests; this constituted these orders the first crime detectors and officers of the law. Their early methods of detecting crime consisted in conducting ordeals of poison, fire, and pain. These savage ordeals were nothing more than crude techniques of arbitration; they did not necessarily settle a dispute justly. For example: When poison was administered, if the accused vomited, he was innocent. |
70:10.6 (795.3) Det Gamle Testamente beretter om en af disse prøvelser, en ægteskabelig skylds test: Hvis en mand mistænkte sin kone for at være utro mod ham, tog han hende hen til præsten og fremførte sin mistanke, hvorefter præsten ville tilberede en blanding bestående af vievand og støv fra tempelgulvet. Efter behørig ceremoni, som indeholdt truende forbandelser blev den anklagede hustru tvunget til at drikke den ulækre væske. Hvis hun var skyldig, "ville vandet som kom ind i hende, forårsager en forbandelse og bliver bitter, og hendes bug svulmer op og hendes lår skal rådne, og kvindens navn skal være forbandet blandt hendes folk." Hvis der var en chance for, at en kvinde kunne synke denne beskidte væske og ikke vise symptomer på fysisk sygdom, blev hun frikendt for anklagerne af hendes jaloux ægtemand. |
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70:10.6 (795.3) The Old Testament records one of these ordeals, a marital guilt test: If a man suspected his wife of being untrue to him, he took her to the priest and stated his suspicions, after which the priest would prepare a concoction consisting of holy water and sweepings from the temple floor. After due ceremony, including threatening curses, the accused wife was made to drink the nasty potion. If she was guilty, “the water that causes the curse shall enter into her and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thighs shall rot, and the woman shall be accursed among her people.” If, by any chance, any woman could quaff this filthy draught and not show symptoms of physical illness, she was acquitted of the charges made by her jealous husband. |
70:10.7 (795.4) Disse grusomme metoder til opklaring af strafbare handlinger blev praktiseret af næsten alle de udviklende stammer på et eller andet tidspunkt. Duellering er en moderne overlevelse af forsøget med prøvelser. |
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70:10.7 (795.4) These atrocious methods of crime detection were practiced by almost all the evolving tribes at one time or another. Dueling is a modern survival of the trial by ordeal. |
70:10.8 (795.5) Det er ikke underligt, at hebræerne og andre halvciviliserede stammer praktiseres sådanne primitive teknikker til at sikre en retfærdighed administration for tre tusinde år siden, men det er højst forbløffende, at tænkende mennesker senere ville beholde sådan et levn fra barbariet på siderne i en samling af hellige skrifter. Tankevækkende tænkning bør gøre det klart, at intet guddommeligt væsen nogensinde gav de dødelige mennesker sådanne urimelige instrukser om undersøgelsen og fastlæggelsen af mistanken om ægteskabelig utroskab. |
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70:10.8 (795.5) It is not to be wondered that the Hebrews and other semicivilized tribes practiced such primitive techniques of justice administration three thousand years ago, but it is most amazing that thinking men would subsequently retain such a relic of barbarism within the pages of a collection of sacred writings. Reflective thinking should make it clear that no divine being ever gave mortal man such unfair instructions regarding the detection and adjudication of suspected marital unfaithfulness. |
70:10.9 (795.6) Samfundet vedtog tidligt holdningen om at tage hævn ved at betale tilbage med gengældelse: øje for øje, et liv for et liv. Alle udviklende stammer anerkendt denne ret til blodhævn. Hævnen blev formålet med det primitive liv, men religionen har siden da i høj grad ændret disse tidlige stammeskikke. Lærerne i åbenbaret religion har altid proklameret, "`Hævnen er min, siger Herren." Hævndrab i tidlige tider var ikke helt ulig nutidens mord under påskud af den uskrevne lov. |
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70:10.9 (795.6) Society early adopted the paying-back attitude of retaliation: an eye for an eye, a life for a life. The evolving tribes all recognized this right of blood vengeance. Vengeance became the aim of primitive life, but religion has since greatly modified these early tribal practices. The teachers of revealed religion have always proclaimed, “‘Vengeance is mine,’ says the Lord.” Vengeance killing in early times was not altogether unlike present-day murders under the pretense of the unwritten law. |
70:10.10 (795.7) Selvmord var en almindelig form for hævn. Den som ikke kunne hævne sin uretfærdighed i livet, døde i troen på, at man som et spøgelse, kunne vende tilbage og udgyde sin vrede over sin fjende. Eftersom at denne tro var meget almindelig, var truslen om selvmord på en fjendes dørtrin normalt tilstrækkeligt til at bringe ham til at acceptere en løsning. Urtidsmennesket holdt ikke livet særligt kært; selvmord på grund af bagateller var almindelige, men Dalamatianernes undervisning indskrænkede betragteligt denne skik, mens den nyere tids fritid, komfort, religion og filosofi har forenet sig til at gøre livet mere behageligt og mere værdsat. Sultestrejker er dog en moderne analog af denne gammeldags metode til gengældelse. |
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70:10.10 (795.7) Suicide was a common mode of retaliation. If one were unable to avenge himself in life, he died entertaining the belief that, as a ghost, he could return and visit wrath upon his enemy. And since this belief was very general, the threat of suicide on an enemy’s doorstep was usually sufficient to bring him to terms. Primitive man did not hold life very dear; suicide over trifles was common, but the teachings of the Dalamatians greatly lessened this custom, while in more recent times leisure, comforts, religion, and philosophy have united to make life sweeter and more desirable. Hunger strikes are, however, a modern analogue of this old-time method of retaliation. |
70:10.11 (796.1) En af de tidligste formuleringer af en avanceret stamme lov vedrørte overtagelsen af blodfejde til et anliggende for stammen. Mærkeligt nok, selv da en mand kunne dræbe sin kone uden straf forbi han havde betalt fuldt for hende. De nutidige eskimoer overlader imidlertid stadig straffen for en forbrydelse, selv for mord, der skal afgøres og håndhæves til den krænkede familie. |
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70:10.11 (796.1) One of the earliest formulations of advanced tribal law had to do with the taking over of the blood feud as a tribal affair. But strange to relate, even then a man could kill his wife without punishment provided he had fully paid for her. The Eskimos of today, however, still leave the penalty for a crime, even for murder, to be decreed and administered by the family wronged. |
70:10.12 (796.2) Et andet fremskridt var indførelsen af bøder for tabu overtrædelser, bødestørrelsens bestemmelse. Disse bøder udgjorde de første offentlige indtægter. Denne praksis med at betale "blodpenge" kom også på mode som en erstatning for blodhævn. Sådanne skader blev normalt betalt i kvinder eller kvæg; det tog lang tid, inden egentlige bøder, betalt med penge, blev vurderet som straf for kriminalitet. Og eftersom ideen om straf hovedsagelig var erstatning for skaden, kom alting, herunder menneskeliv, i sidste ende til at have en pris, der kan udbetales som erstatning. Hebræerne var de første til at afskaffede skikken med at betale blodpenge. Moses lærte, at de ikke skulle "tage nogen løsesum for livet af en morder, som er skyldig til døden, men han skal lide døden." |
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70:10.12 (796.2) Another advance was the imposition of fines for taboo violations, the provision of penalties. These fines constituted the first public revenue. The practice of paying “blood money” also came into vogue as a substitute for blood vengeance. Such damages were usually paid in women or cattle; it was a long time before actual fines, monetary compensation, were assessed as punishment for crime. And since the idea of punishment was essentially compensation, everything, including human life, eventually came to have a price which could be paid as damages. The Hebrews were the first to abolish the practice of paying blood money. Moses taught that they should “take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, who is guilty of death; he shall surely be put to death.” |
70:10.13 (796.3) Retfærdighed blev således først udmålt i familien, så ved klanen, og senere af stammen. Den sande retspleje får sin start når hævn fratages enkeltpersoner og grupper af pårørende og overført til håndshævelse i den sociale gruppe, staten. |
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70:10.13 (796.3) Justice was thus first meted out by the family, then by the clan, and later on by the tribe. The administration of true justice dates from the taking of revenge from private and kin groups and lodging it in the hands of the social group, the state. |
70:10.14 (796.4) Straf ved at blive brændt i live var engang en almindelig praksis. Det blev anerkendt af mange gamle herskere, herunder Hammurabi og Moses, sidstnævnte bestemte, at mange forbrydelser, i særdeleshed alvorlige seksuelle forbrydelser, skal straffes ved, at den skyldige blev brændt på bålet. Hvis "datteren af en præst" eller nogen andre fremtrædende borgere hengav sig til offentlige prostitution, så var den hebraiske skik at "brænde hende med ild." |
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70:10.14 (796.4) Punishment by burning alive was once a common practice. It was recognized by many ancient rulers, including Hammurabi and Moses, the latter directing that many crimes, particularly those of a grave sex nature, should be punished by burning at the stake. If “the daughter of a priest” or other leading citizen turned to public prostitution, it was the Hebrew custom to “burn her with fire.” |
70:10.15 (796.5) Forræderi - at "sælge ud" eller forråde ens stammefolk - var den første forbrydelse, der blev straffet med dødsstraf. Husdyrs tyveri blev offentlig straffet med summarisk henrettelse, og selv for nylig er hestetyverier straffet på samme måde. Men som tiden gik, indså man, at straffens strenghed ikke havde en lige så værdifuldt afskrækkende virkning som en sikker og hurtig udøvelse af straffen. |
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70:10.15 (796.5) Treason—the “selling out” or betrayal of one’s tribal associates—was the first capital crime. Cattle stealing was universally punished by summary death, and even recently horse stealing has been similarly punished. But as time passed, it was learned that the severity of the punishment was not so valuable a deterrent to crime as was its certainty and swiftness. |
70:10.16 (796.6) Når samfundet lader forbrydelser ustraffet, så hævder gruppe vreden sædvanligvis sin ret i henhold til lyncheloven.; tilvejebringelse af fristeder var et middel til at undslippe denne pludselige gruppe vrede. Lynchning og duellering repræsenterer manglende vilje hos den enkelte til at overlade private godtgørelser til staten. |
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70:10.16 (796.6) When society fails to punish crimes, group resentment usually asserts itself as lynch law; the provision of sanctuary was a means of escaping this sudden group anger. Lynching and dueling represent the unwillingness of the individual to surrender private redress to the state. |
11. Love og domstole ^top |
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11. Laws and Courts ^top |
70:11.1 (796.7) Det er lige så vanskeligt at skelne skarpt mellem skikke og love, som at angiver præcist hvornår, ved daggry natten efterfølges af dagen. Skikke er lovgivning og ordningsforskrifter i sin vorden. Når de ikke nærmere definerede regler længe har været i brug, har de tendens til at krystallisere i præcise love, konkrete bestemmelser og veldefinerede sociale konventioner. |
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70:11.1 (796.7) It is just as difficult to draw sharp distinctions between mores and laws as to indicate exactly when, at the dawning, night is succeeded by day. Mores are laws and police regulations in the making. When long established, the undefined mores tend to crystallize into precise laws, concrete regulations, and well-defined social conventions. |
70:11.2 (796.8) Love er altid til en begyndelse negative og forbydende; i fremadudviklende civilisationer bliver de mere og mere positive og vejledende. De tidlige samfund fungerede med forbud, det gav den enkelte ret til at leve ved at pålægge alle andre kommandoen, "du må ikke slå ihjel." Enhver rettighed eller frihed som gives til den enkelte indebærer indskrænkning af rettigheder og friheder for alle andre, og dette opnås med tabuet, den primitive lov. Hele ideen med tabu er i sagens natur at forbyde, for det primitive samfund var helt baseret på forbud i sin organisation, og den tidlige retspleje bestod i håndhævelsen af tabuer. Men oprindeligt galt disse love kun på andre stammefolk, som fremgår af de senere dages hebræere, som havde en anden etisk kodeks for behandling af ikke-jødere. |
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70:11.2 (796.8) Law is always at first negative and prohibitive; in advancing civilizations it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early society operated negatively, granting the individual the right to live by imposing upon all others the command, “you shall not kill.” Every grant of rights or liberty to the individual involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is effected by the taboo, primitive law. The whole idea of the taboo is inherently negative, for primitive society was wholly negative in its organization, and the early administration of justice consisted in the enforcement of the taboos. But originally these laws applied only to fellow tribesmen, as is illustrated by the later-day Hebrews, who had a different code of ethics for dealing with the gentiles. |
70:11.3 (797.1) Aflæggelse af ed havde sin oprindelse i Dalamatias tid, i et forsøg på at gøre vidnesbyrd mere sandfærdig. Sådanne eder bestod i at udtale en forbandelse over sig selv. Tidligere ville ingen individer vidne mod sin indfødte gruppe. |
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70:11.3 (797.1) The oath originated in the days of Dalamatia in an effort to render testimony more truthful. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a curse upon oneself. Formerly no individual would testify against his native group. |
70:11.4 (797.2) Kriminalitet var et angreb på stammeledernes skikke, synd var overtrædelse af disse tabuer, der var bekræftet af ånderne, og der rådede lang forvirring når der ikke blev skelnet mellem kriminalitet og synd. |
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70:11.4 (797.2) Crime was an assault upon the tribal mores, sin was the transgression of those taboos which enjoyed ghost sanction, and there was long confusion due to the failure to segregate crime and sin. |
70:11.5 (797.3) Egeninteresse var grunden til at drab blev tabubelagt, samfundet styrkede tabuet som en del af de traditionelle skikke, mens religionen indviet skikken som moralsk lov, og dermed forenede alle tre til at gøre menneskers liv mere sikkert og helligt. Samfundet kunne ikke have holdt sammen i disse tidlige tider, medmindre rettighederne var blevet sanktioneret af religionen; overtroen var den moralske og sociale politistyrke under de lange evolutionære tidsaldre. Alle de gamle folk hævdede, at deres gamle love, tabuerne, var blevet givet til deres forfædre af guderne. |
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70:11.5 (797.3) Self-interest established the taboo on killing, society sanctified it as traditional mores, while religion consecrated the custom as moral law, and thus did all three conspire in rendering human life more safe and sacred. Society could not have held together during early times had not rights had the sanction of religion; superstition was the moral and social police force of the long evolutionary ages. The ancients all claimed that their olden laws, the taboos, had been given to their ancestors by the gods. |
70:11.6 (797.4) Loven er en kodificeret fortegnelse over lang menneskelig erfaring, den offentlige mening krystalliseret og legaliseret. Skikke og sædvaner var råmaterialet af akkumuleret erfaringer, hvoraf de senere regerende sind formulerede de skrevne love. Den gamle dommer havde ingen love. Når han afsagde en afgørelse, sagde han blot: "Sådan er skik." |
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70:11.6 (797.4) Law is a codified record of long human experience, public opinion crystallized and legalized. The mores were the raw material of accumulated experience out of which later ruling minds formulated the written laws. The ancient judge had no laws. When he handed down a decision, he simply said, “It is the custom.” |
70:11.7 (797.5) Henvisning til præcedens i domstolsafgørelser repræsenterer dommernes bestræbelser på at tilpasse de skrevne love til de skiftende forhold i samfundet. Dette giver en gradvis tilpasning til at ændre sociale forhold kombineret med den effektivitet som følger af traditionel kontinuitet. |
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70:11.7 (797.5) Reference to precedent in court decisions represents the effort of judges to adapt written laws to the changing conditions of society. This provides for progressive adaptation to altering social conditions combined with the impressiveness of traditional continuity. |
70:11.8 (797.6) Ejendomstvister blev håndteret på mange måder, såsom: |
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70:11.8 (797.6) Property disputes were handled in many ways, such as: |
70:11.9 (797.7) 1. Ved at ødelægge den omstridte ejendom. |
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70:11.9 (797.7) 1. By destroying the disputed property. |
70:11.10 (797.8) 2. Ved vold - deltagerne afgør det ved kamp. |
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70:11.10 (797.8) 2. By force—the contestants fought it out. |
70:11.11 (797.9) 3. Ved voldgift - en tredjemand blev afgørende. |
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70:11.11 (797.9) 3. By arbitration—a third party decided. |
70:11.12 (797.10) 4. Ved appel til de ældste - senere til domstolene. |
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70:11.12 (797.10) 4. By appeal to the elders—later to the courts. |
70:11.13 (797.11) De første domstole var knytnæveslagsmål, der fulgte visse regler; dommerne var endda ringdommer eller kampdommere. De sørgede for, at kampen blev videreført efter godkendte regler. På vej ind i en domstol kamp, foretog hver part et depositum til dommeren for at betale sagens omkostninger og bøden efter at være blevet besejret af den anden. "Den stærkestes ret." Senere erstattede verbale argumenter fysiske slag. |
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70:11.13 (797.11) The first courts were regulated fistic encounters; the judges were merely umpires or referees. They saw to it that the fight was carried on according to approved rules. On entering a court combat, each party made a deposit with the judge to pay the costs and fine after one had been defeated by the other. “Might was still right.” Later on, verbal arguments were substituted for physical blows. |
70:11.14 (797.12) Hele idéen med den primitive retfærdighed var ikke så meget at være fair, som at få tvisten ud af verden og dermed forhindre uroligheder og privat vold. Primitive mennesker blev ikke så meget fortørnet over hvad der nu ville blive betragtes som en uretfærdighed; det blev taget for givet, at de, der havde magten ville anvende den selvisk. Ikke desto mindre kan enhver civilisations udviklingsniveau være meget nøjagtigt baseret på grundighed og retfærdighed, som er dens domstole og af den integritet som kendetegner dens dommere. |
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70:11.14 (797.12) The whole idea of primitive justice was not so much to be fair as to dispose of the contest and thus prevent public disorder and private violence. But primitive man did not so much resent what would now be regarded as an injustice; it was taken for granted that those who had power would use it selfishly. Nevertheless, the status of any civilization may be very accurately determined by the thoroughness and equity of its courts and by the integrity of its judges. |
12. Regeringsmagtens fordelning ^top |
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12. Allocation of Civil Authority ^top |
70:12.1 (797.13) Den store kamp i udviklingen af regeringen har vedrørt magtkoncentrationen. Universets administratorer har lært af erfaring, at de evolutionære folkeslag på de beboede verdner bedst reguleres af repræsentative typer af civil regering, når en passende magtbalance opretholdes mellem gensidigt velkoordineret udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende magt. |
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70:12.1 (797.13) The great struggle in the evolution of government has concerned the concentration of power. The universe administrators have learned from experience that the evolutionary peoples on the inhabited worlds are best regulated by the representative type of civil government when there is maintained proper balance of power between the well-co-ordinated executive, legislative, and judicial branches. |
70:12.2 (798.1) Mens primitive myndighed var baseret på styrke, fysisk magt, så udgør den ideelle regering det repræsentative system, hvor ledelse er baseret på evner. Men under barbariets dage forekom der for mange krige til at en repræsentativ regering kunne fungere effektivt. I den lange kamp mellem magtens fordeling og officerers udelelighed, var det diktatoren der vandt. De tidlige og diffuse beføjelser som de ældstes råd i historiens begyndelse havde, blev gradvist koncentreret i den absolutte enevældige monarks person. Efter ankomsten af virkelige konger fortsatte de ældstes grupper nærmest for syns skyld som rådgivende organer for lovgivning og retssager; efterfølgende opstod lovgivende forsamlinger med koordinerende status med monarken, og til sidst grundlagde man de højere domstole, som har handlet uafhængigt af de lovgivende organer. |
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70:12.2 (798.1) While primitive authority was based on strength, physical power, the ideal government is the representative system wherein leadership is based on ability, but in the days of barbarism there was entirely too much war to permit representative government to function effectively. In the long struggle between division of authority and unity of command, the dictator won. The early and diffuse powers of the primitive council of elders were gradually concentrated in the person of the absolute monarch. After the arrival of real kings the groups of elders persisted as quasi-legislative-judicial advisory bodies; later on, legislatures of co-ordinate status made their appearance, and eventually supreme courts of adjudication were established separate from the legislatures. |
70:12.3 (798.2) Kongen var eksekutor af skikkene, den oprindelige eller uskreven lov. Senere gennemførte han lovgivningsmæssige bestemmelser, den offentlige mening som den havde udkrystalliseret sig. En generel populær folkeforsamling som et udtryk for den offentlige mening betød et stort fremskridt i samfundet, selv om det tog lang tid, før det opstod. |
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70:12.3 (798.2) The king was the executor of the mores, the original or unwritten law. Later he enforced the legislative enactments, the crystallization of public opinion. A popular assembly as an expression of public opinion, though slow in appearing, marked a great social advance. |
70:12.4 (798.3) De tidlige konger var stærkt begrænset af skikkene - ved traditionerne eller den offentlige mening. I den seneste tid har en del nationer på Urantia kodificeret disse konventionelle regler i skriftligt grundlag for statsstyret |
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70:12.4 (798.3) The early kings were greatly restricted by the mores—by tradition or public opinion. In recent times some Urantia nations have codified these mores into documentary bases for government. |
70:12.5 (798.4) De dødelige på Urantia har ret til frihed; de skal skabe deres egne styreformer; de skal vedtage deres forfatninger eller andre grundlovs rettigheder for civil myndighed og administrative procedure. Når de har gjort dette, bør de vælge deres mest kompetente og værdsatte borgere til de højeste topledere. Til repræsentanter i de lovgivende organer bør de kun vælge dem, der er intellektuelt og moralsk kvalificeret til at opfylde sådanne hellige ansvar. Til dommerne i deres højere og øverste retsinstanser bør kun vælges dem, der har et naturligt talent for det, og hvis visdom har sin kilde i erfaringens fylde. |
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70:12.5 (798.4) Urantia mortals are entitled to liberty; they should create their systems of government; they should adopt their constitutions or other charters of civil authority and administrative procedure. And having done this, they should select their most competent and worthy fellows as chief executives. For representatives in the legislative branch they should elect only those who are qualified intellectually and morally to fulfill such sacred responsibilities. As judges of their high and supreme tribunals only those who are endowed with natural ability and who have been made wise by replete experience should be chosen. |
70:12.6 (798.5) Hvis menneskerne ønsker at bevare deres frihed, skal de, efter at have valgt grundloven for deres friheder og rettigheder, sikre, at den fortolkes med visdom, intelligens og uden frygt, for at forhindre følgende: |
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70:12.6 (798.5) If men would maintain their freedom, they must, after having chosen their charter of liberty, provide for its wise, intelligent, and fearless interpretation to the end that there may be prevented: |
70:12.7 (798.6) 1. Tilegnelse af uberettiget magt enten i den udøvende eller lovgivende magt. |
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70:12.7 (798.6) 1. Usurpation of unwarranted power by either the executive or legislative branches. |
70:12.8 (798.7) 2. Rænkespil smedet af uvidende og overtroiske agitatorer. |
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70:12.8 (798.7) 2. Machinations of ignorant and superstitious agitators. |
70:12.9 (798.8) 3. Tilbageståenhed af den videnskabelige udvikling. |
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70:12.9 (798.8) 3. Retardation of scientific progress. |
70:12.10 (798.9) 4. Dødvande af middelmådighedens dominans. |
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70:12.10 (798.9) 4. Stalemate of the dominance of mediocrity. |
70:12.11 (798.10) 5. Ondartet minoriteters dominans. |
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70:12.11 (798.10) 5. Domination by vicious minorities. |
70:12.12 (798.11) 6. Kontrol af ambitiøse og dygtige potentielle diktatorer. |
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70:12.12 (798.11) 6. Control by ambitious and clever would-be dictators. |
70:12.13 (798.12) 7. Katastrofal forstyrrelse af panik. |
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70:12.13 (798.12) 7. Disastrous disruption of panics. |
70:12.14 (798.13) 8. Udnyttelse af den skrupelløse. |
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70:12.14 (798.13) 8. Exploitation by the unscrupulous. |
70:12.15 (798.14) 9. Beskatningsslaveri af borgerne i staten. |
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70:12.15 (798.14) 9. Taxation enslavement of the citizenry by the state. |
70:12.16 (798.15) 10. Svigt af social og økonomisk retfærdighed. |
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70:12.16 (798.15) 10. Failure of social and economic fairness. |
70:12.17 (798.16) 11. Forbindelse mellem kirke og stat. |
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70:12.17 (798.16) 11. Union of church and state. |
70:12.18 (798.17) 12. Tab af personlig frihed. |
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70:12.18 (798.17) 12. Loss of personal liberty. |
70:12.19 (798.18) Disse er de forfatningsmæssige domstoles formål og mål når de fungerer som regulatorer af den repræsentative regering i en evolutionær verden. |
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70:12.19 (798.18) These are the purposes and aims of constitutional tribunals acting as governors upon the engines of representative government on an evolutionary world. |
70:12.20 (799.1) Menneskets kamp for at gøre regeringen på Urantia mere fuldendt indebærer at man forbedre administrationsvejene, tilpasser dem til de stadigt skiftende aktuelle behov, forbedre fordelingen af magten i statsforvaltningen, og derefter vælge de administrative ledere, der er virkelig kloge. Selv om der findes en guddommelig og ideel form af statsstyre, kan en sådan ikke afsløres, men skal langsomt og møjsommeligt opdages af mænd og kvinder på hver planet overalt i universerne af tid og rum. |
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70:12.20 (799.1) Mankind’s struggle to perfect government on Urantia has to do with perfecting channels of administration, with adapting them to ever-changing current needs, with improving power distribution within government, and then with selecting such administrative leaders as are truly wise. While there is a divine and ideal form of government, such cannot be revealed but must be slowly and laboriously discovered by the men and women of each planet throughout the universes of time and space. |
70:12.21 (799.2) [Præsenteret af en Melkisedek i Nebadon.] |
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70:12.21 (799.2) [Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.] |