Kapitel 71 |
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Paper 71 |
Statens Udvikling |
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Development of the State |
71:0.1 (800.1) STATEN er en nyttig udvikling af civilisationen; den repræsenterer samfundets nettogevinst fra krigens hærgen og lidelser. Selv statskunst er blot den akkumulerede teknik til at justere den konkurrenceprægede magtkamp mellem de kæmpende stammer og nationer. |
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71:0.1 (800.1) THE state is a useful evolution of civilization; it represents society’s net gain from the ravages and sufferings of war. Even statecraft is merely the accumulated technique for adjusting the competitive contest of force between the struggling tribes and nations. |
71:0.2 (800.2) Den moderne stat er den institution, der overlevede den lange kamp om gruppemagt. Den stærkeste vandt til sidst, og det førte til en de facto skabelse—staten—sammen med den moralske myte om borgerens absolutte forpligtelse til at leve og dø for staten. Staten er ikke af guddommelig oprindelse; den blev ikke engang skabt af viljestærk intelligent menneskelig handling; den er en rent evolutionær institution og opstod helt automatisk. |
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71:0.2 (800.2) The modern state is the institution which survived in the long struggle for group power. Superior power eventually prevailed, and it produced a creature of fact—the state—together with the moral myth of the absolute obligation of the citizen to live and die for the state. But the state is not of divine genesis; it was not even produced by volitionally intelligent human action; it is purely an evolutionary institution and was wholly automatic in origin. |
1. Den embryoniske stat ^top |
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1. The Embryonic State ^top |
71:1.1 (800.3) Staten er en territorial social regulerende organisation, og den stærkeste, mest effektive og varige stat består af en enkelt nation, hvis folk har fælles sprog, skikke og institutioner. |
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71:1.1 (800.3) The state is a territorial social regulative organization, and the strongest, most efficient, and enduring state is composed of a single nation whose people have a common language, mores, and institutions. |
71:1.2 (800.4) De tidlige stater var små og var alle et resultat af erobring. De opstod ikke i frivillige sammenslutninger. Mange blev grundlagt af erobrende nomader, som kastede sig over fredelige hyrder eller fastboende landmænd for at overmande og slavebinde dem. Sådanne stater, der var resultatet af erobring, var nødvendigvis lagdelte; klasser var uundgåelige, og klassekampe har altid været selektive. |
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71:1.2 (800.4) The early states were small and were all the result of conquest. They did not originate in voluntary associations. Many were founded by conquering nomads, who would swoop down on peaceful herders or settled agriculturists to overpower and enslave them. Such states, resulting from conquest, were, perforce, stratified; classes were inevitable, and class struggles have ever been selective. |
71:1.3 (800.5) I Amerika nåede de røde menneskers nordligste stammer aldrig frem til en rigtig statsdannelse. De nåede aldrig længere end til en løst forbund af stammer, en meget primitiv form for stat. Nærmeste en statsdannelse kom Irokesernes føderation, men denne gruppe af seks folk fungerede aldrig rigtigt som en stat og den overlevede ikke på grund af fraværet af visse elementer som er væsentlige for det nutidige nationale liv, så som: |
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71:1.3 (800.5) The northern tribes of the American red men never attained real statehood. They never progressed beyond a loose confederation of tribes, a very primitive form of state. Their nearest approach was the Iroquois federation, but this group of six nations never quite functioned as a state and failed to survive because of the absence of certain essentials to modern national life, such as: |
71:1.4 (800.6) 1. Erhvervelse og arv af privat ejendom. |
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71:1.4 (800.6) 1. Acquirement and inheritance of private property. |
71:1.5 (800.7) 2. Byer samt landbrug og industri. |
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71:1.5 (800.7) 2. Cities plus agriculture and industry. |
71:1.6 (800.8) 3. Nyttige husdyr. |
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71:1.6 (800.8) 3. Helpful domestic animals. |
71:1.7 (800.9) 4. Praktisk familieorganisation. Disse røde mennesker klyngede sig til moderfamilien og nevøens arv. |
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71:1.7 (800.9) 4. Practical family organization. These red men clung to the mother-family and nephew inheritance. |
71:1.8 (800.10) 5. Klart afgrænset territorium |
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71:1.8 (800.10) 5. Definite territory. |
71:1.9 (800.11) 6. En stærk udøvende leder |
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71:1.9 (800.11) 6. A strong executive head. |
71:1.10 (800.12) 7. Slavebinding af fanger—enten optages de i stammen eller man dræbte dem. |
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71:1.10 (800.12) 7. Enslavement of captives—they either adopted or massacred them. |
71:1.11 (800.13) 8. Afgørende erobringer. |
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71:1.11 (800.13) 8. Decisive conquests. |
71:1.12 (800.14) De røde mennesker var for demokratiske; de havde en god regering, men den mislykkedes. På et tidspunkt ville de have udviklet en stat, hvis de ikke for tidligt var stødt på den hvide mands mere avancerede civilisation, som fulgte grækernes og romernes regeringsmetoder. |
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71:1.12 (800.14) The red men were too democratic; they had a good government, but it failed. Eventually they would have evolved a state had they not prematurely encountered the more advanced civilization of the white man, who was pursuing the governmental methods of the Greeks and the Romans. |
71:1.13 (801.1) Den succesfulde romerske stat var baseret på: |
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71:1.13 (801.1) The successful Roman state was based on: |
71:1.14 (801.2) 1. Faderbaserede familie. |
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71:1.14 (801.2) 1. The father-family. |
71:1.15 (801.3) 2. Landbrug og domesticering af dyr. |
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71:1.15 (801.3) 2. Agriculture and the domestication of animals. |
71:1.16 (801.4) 3. Koncentrationen af befolkningen—byer. |
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71:1.16 (801.4) 3. Condensation of population—cities. |
71:1.17 (801.5) 4. Privat ejerskab af ejendom og jord. |
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71:1.17 (801.5) 4. Private property and land. |
71:1.18 (801.6) 5. Slaveri—klasser af borgere. |
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71:1.18 (801.6) 5. Slavery—classes of citizenship. |
71:1.19 (801.7) 6. Erobring og reorganisering af svage og tilbagestående folkeslag. |
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71:1.19 (801.7) 6. Conquest and reorganization of weak and backward peoples. |
71:1.20 (801.8) 7. Klart afgrænset territorium med veje. |
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71:1.20 (801.8) 7. Definite territory with roads. |
71:1.21 (801.9) 8. Personlige og stærke herskere. |
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71:1.21 (801.9) 8. Personal and strong rulers. |
71:1.22 (801.10) Den store svaghed i den romerske civilisation, og en faktor i imperiets endelige sammenbrud, var den formodede liberale og avancerede bestemmelse om drengens frigørelse som 21-årig og pigens ubetingede frigørelse, så hun frit kunne gifte sig med en mand efter eget valg eller rejse ud i landet for at blive umoralsk. Skaden på samfundet bestod ikke i disse reformer i sig selv, men snarere i den pludselige og omfattende måde, de blev vedtaget på. Roms sammenbrud viser, hvad man kan forvente, når en stat gennemgår en for hurtig udvidelse forbundet med indre degeneration. |
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71:1.22 (801.10) The great weakness in Roman civilization, and a factor in the ultimate collapse of the empire, was the supposed liberal and advanced provision for the emancipation of the boy at twenty-one and the unconditional release of the girl so that she was at liberty to marry a man of her own choosing or to go abroad in the land to become immoral. The harm to society consisted not in these reforms themselves but rather in the sudden and extensive manner of their adoption. The collapse of Rome indicates what may be expected when a state undergoes too rapid extension associated with internal degeneration. |
71:1.23 (801.11) Den spirende stat blev muliggjort af nedgangen i blodets bånd til fordel for det territoriale, og sådanne stammeføderationer blev sædvanligvis solidt cementeret af erobring. Selvom en suverænitet, der transcenderer alle mindre kampe og gruppeforskelle, er karakteristisk for den sande stat, er der stadig mange klasser og kaster i de senere statslige organisationer som rester af tidligere tiders klaner og stammer. De senere og større territorialstater havde en lang og bitter kamp med disse mindre, blodsbeslægtede klangrupper, og stammestyret viste sig at være en værdifuld overgang fra familie- til statsmyndighed. I senere tider voksede mange klaner ud af handel og andre industrielle sammenslutninger. |
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71:1.23 (801.11) The embryonic state was made possible by the decline of the blood bond in favor of the territorial, and such tribal federations were usually firmly cemented by conquest. While a sovereignty that transcends all minor struggles and group differences is the characteristic of the true state, still, many classes and castes persist in the later state organizations as remnants of the clans and tribes of former days. The later and larger territorial states had a long and bitter struggle with these smaller consanguineous clan groups, the tribal government proving a valuable transition from family to state authority. During later times many clans grew out of trades and other industrial associations. |
71:1.24 (801.12) Svigt i statens integration resulterer i en tilbagevenden til styre betingelser fra før statens opståen, som for eksempel feudalisme under den europæiske middelalder. I disse mørke århundrede kollapsede territorialstaten, og der var en tilbagevenden til de små borgsamfunds genopblussen af klanen og stammefolks udviklingstrin. Lignende halvstater eksistere, selv nu i Asien og Afrika, men alle udgør ikke en tilbagevenden til tidligere udviklingstrin; mange er embryonale forstadier til fremtidige stater. |
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71:1.24 (801.12) Failure of state integration results in retrogression to prestate conditions of governmental techniques, such as the feudalism of the European Middle Ages. During these dark ages the territorial state collapsed, and there was a reversion to the small castle groups, the reappearance of the clan and tribal stages of development. Similar semistates even now exist in Asia and Africa, but not all of them are evolutionary reversions; many are the embryonic nucleuses of states of the future. |
2. Udviklingen af den representative regering ^top |
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2. The Evolution of Representative Government ^top |
71:2.1 (801.13) Mens demokratiet er et ideal, er det et produkt af civilisationen, ikke af evolutionen. Gå langsomt frem! Vælg omhyggeligt! for demokratiet indebærer nemlig følgende farer: |
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71:2.1 (801.13) Democracy, while an ideal, is a product of civilization, not of evolution. Go slowly! select carefully! for the dangers of democracy are: |
71:2.2 (801.14) 1. Forherligelse af middelmådighed. |
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71:2.2 (801.14) 1. Glorification of mediocrity. |
71:2.3 (801.15) 2. Valg af usle og uvidende herskere. |
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71:2.3 (801.15) 2. Choice of base and ignorant rulers. |
71:2.4 (801.16) 3. Manglende kendskab til de grundlæggende fakta i den sociale evolution. |
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71:2.4 (801.16) 3. Failure to recognize the basic facts of social evolution. |
71:2.5 (801.17) 4. Faren ved universel stemmeret i hænderne på uuddannede og sløve flertal. |
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71:2.5 (801.17) 4. Danger of universal suffrage in the hands of uneducated and indolent majorities. |
71:2.6 (801.18) 5. Slaveri over for den offentlige mening; flertallet har ikke altid ret. |
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71:2.6 (801.18) 5. Slavery to public opinion; the majority is not always right. |
71:2.7 (802.1) Den offentlige mening, den fælles mening, har altid forsinket samfundet; ikke desto mindre er den værdifuld, for selvom den forsinker den sociale evolution, bevarer den civilisationen. Uddannelse af den offentlige mening er den eneste sikre og sande metode til at fremskynde civilisationen; magt er kun et midlertidigt middel, og kulturel vækst vil i stigende grad accelerere, efterhånden som kugler viger for stemmesedler. Den offentlige mening, moralen, er den grundlæggende og elementære energi i social evolution og statslig udvikling, men for at være af statslig værdi skal den være ikke-voldelig i sit udtryk. |
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71:2.7 (802.1) Public opinion, common opinion, has always delayed society; nevertheless, it is valuable, for, while retarding social evolution, it does preserve civilization. Education of public opinion is the only safe and true method of accelerating civilization; force is only a temporary expedient, and cultural growth will increasingly accelerate as bullets give way to ballots. Public opinion, the mores, is the basic and elemental energy in social evolution and state development, but to be of state value it must be nonviolent in expression. |
71:2.8 (802.2) Målet for samfundets fremskridt er direkte bestemt af, i hvor høj grad den offentlige mening kan kontrollere personlig adfærd og statslig regulering gennem ikke-voldelige udtryk. Den virkelig civiliserede regering var ankommet, da den offentlige mening blev udstyret med personlig stemmeret. Folkevalg afgør måske ikke altid tingene rigtigt, men de repræsenterer den rigtige måde at gøre selv en forkert ting på. Evolutionen skaber ikke på én gang enestående perfektion, men snarere en sammenlignelig og fremadskridende praktisk tilpasning. |
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71:2.8 (802.2) The measure of the advance of society is directly determined by the degree to which public opinion can control personal behavior and state regulation through nonviolent expression. The really civilized government had arrived when public opinion was clothed with the powers of personal franchise. Popular elections may not always decide things rightly, but they represent the right way even to do a wrong thing. Evolution does not at once produce superlative perfection but rather comparative and advancing practical adjustment. |
71:2.9 (802.3) Der er ti trin eller faser, til udviklingen af en praktisk og effektiv form for repræsentativ regering, og disse er: |
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71:2.9 (802.3) There are ten steps, or stages, to the evolution of a practical and efficient form of representative government, and these are: |
71:2.10 (802.4) 1. Personlig frihed. Slaveri, livegenskab, og alle former for menneskelig trældom skal forsvinde. |
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71:2.10 (802.4) 1. Freedom of the person. Slavery, serfdom, and all forms of human bondage must disappear. |
71:2.11 (802.5) 2. Tankefrihed. Medmindre et frit folk uddannes—lære at tænke intelligent og planlægge klogt—gør friheden som regel mere skade end gavn. |
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71:2.11 (802.5) 2. Freedom of the mind. Unless a free people are educated—taught to think intelligently and plan wisely—freedom usually does more harm than good. |
71:2.12 (802.6) 3. Lovlighed. Frihed kan kun nydes, når de menneskelige herskers vilje og luner erstattes af juridiske bestemmelser i overensstemmele med accepteret grundlæggende ret. |
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71:2.12 (802.6) 3. The reign of law. Liberty can be enjoyed only when the will and whims of human rulers are replaced by legislative enactments in accordance with accepted fundamental law. |
71:2.13 (802.7) 4. Ytringsfrihed. En repræsentativ regering er utænkelig uden frihed til at udtrykke alle former for menneskelige forhåbninger og meninger. |
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71:2.13 (802.7) 4. Freedom of speech. Representative government is unthinkable without freedom of all forms of expression for human aspirations and opinions. |
71:2.14 (802.8) 5. Sikkerhed af egendom. Ingen regering kan holde længe, hvis den ikke sikrer retten til at nyde personlig ejendom i en eller anden form. Mennesket higer efter retten til at bruge, kontrollere, forære, sælge, lease og testamentere sin personlige ejendom. |
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71:2.14 (802.8) 5. Security of property. No government can long endure if it fails to provide for the right to enjoy personal property in some form. Man craves the right to use, control, bestow, sell, lease, and bequeath his personal property. |
71:2.15 (802.9) 6. Retten til at indgive andragender. Et repræsentativt styre forudsætter, at borgerne har ret til at blive hørt. Retten til at indgive andragender er en iboende del af det frie borgerskab. |
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71:2.15 (802.9) 6. The right of petition. Representative government assumes the right of citizens to be heard. The privilege of petition is inherent in free citizenship. |
71:2.16 (802.10) 7. Retten til at herske. Det er ikke nok at blive hørt; retten til at indgive andragender skal føre til den faktiske ledelse af regeringen. |
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71:2.16 (802.10) 7. The right to rule. It is not enough to be heard; the power of petition must progress to the actual management of the government. |
71:2.17 (802.11) 8. Valg. En repræsentativ regering forudsætter en intelligent, effektiv og universel vælgerskare. Karakteren af en sådan regering vil altid blive bestemt af karakteren og kaliberen af dem, der udgør den. Efterhånden som civilisationen skrider frem, vil stemmeretten, selvom den forbliver universel for begge køn, blive effektivt modificeret, omgrupperet og på anden måde differentieret. |
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71:2.17 (802.11) 8. Universal suffrage. Representative government presupposes an intelligent, efficient, and universal electorate. The character of such a government will ever be determined by the character and caliber of those who compose it. As civilization progresses, suffrage, while remaining universal for both sexes, will be effectively modified, regrouped, and otherwise differentiated. |
71:2.18 (802.12) 9. Kontrol af offentligt ansatte. Ingen civil regering vil være brugbar og effektiv, medmindre borgerne besidder og bruger kloge teknikker til at vejlede og kontrollere embedsmænd og offentligt ansatte. |
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71:2.18 (802.12) 9. Control of public servants. No civil government will be serviceable and effective unless the citizenry possess and use wise techniques of guiding and controlling officeholders and public servants. |
71:2.19 (802.13) 10. Intelligent og uddannet repræsentantskab. Demokratiets overlevelse afhænger af et vellykket repræsentativt styre, og det er betinget af, at man til offentlige embeder kun vælger de personer, der er teknisk uddannede, intellektuelt kompetente, socialt loyale og moralsk egnede. Kun med sådanne bestemmelser kan et styre af folket, ved folket og for folket bevares. |
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71:2.19 (802.13) 10. Intelligent and trained representation. The survival of democracy is dependent on successful representative government; and that is conditioned upon the practice of electing to public offices only those individuals who are technically trained, intellectually competent, socially loyal, and morally fit. Only by such provisions can government of the people, by the people, and for the people be preserved. |
3. Statens idealer ^top |
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3. The Ideals of Statehood ^top |
71:3.1 (803.1) Den politiske eller administrative form for statsstyre er af underordnet betydning, forudsat at den opfylder de væsentlige punkter for samfundsudviklingen—frihed, sikkerhed, uddannelse og social koordinering. Det er ikke, hvad en stat er, men hvad den gør, der bestemmer forløbet af samfundsudviklingen. I sidste ende, så kan ingen stat transcendere borgernes moralske værdier således som disse er eksemplificeret i deres valgte ledere. Uvidenhed og egoisme vil sikre undergang for selv den højeste form for regering. |
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71:3.1 (803.1) The political or administrative form of a government is of little consequence provided it affords the essentials of civil progress—liberty, security, education, and social co-ordination. It is not what a state is but what it does that determines the course of social evolution. And after all, no state can transcend the moral values of its citizenry as exemplified in their chosen leaders. Ignorance and selfishness will insure the downfall of even the highest type of government. |
71:3.2 (803.2) Selvom det er meget beklageligt, har national egoisme været afgørende for social overlevelse. Doktrinen om det udvalgte folk har været en primær faktor når det gjaldt om at sammensvejse stammer og opbygge nationer helt frem til moderne tid. Men ingen stat kan nå det ideelle funktionsniveau, før enhver form for intolerance er overvundet; den er en evig hindring for menneskelig fremgang. Og intolerance bekæmpes bedst ved at koordinere videnskab, handel, leg og religion. |
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71:3.2 (803.2) Much as it is to be regretted, national egotism has been essential to social survival. The chosen people doctrine has been a prime factor in tribal welding and nation building right on down to modern times. But no state can attain ideal levels of functioning until every form of intolerance is mastered; it is everlastingly inimical to human progress. And intolerance is best combated by the co-ordination of science, commerce, play, and religion. |
71:3.3 (803.3) Den ideelle stat fungerer under indflydelse af tre stærke og koordinerede drivkræfter: |
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71:3.3 (803.3) The ideal state functions under the impulse of three mighty and co-ordinated drives: |
71:3.4 (803.4) 1. Kærligheds loyalitet, afledt af erkendelsen af menneskeligt broderskab. |
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71:3.4 (803.4) 1. Love loyalty derived from the realization of human brotherhood. |
71:3.5 (803.5) 2. Intelligent patriotisme, baseret på kloge idealer. |
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71:3.5 (803.5) 2. Intelligent patriotism based on wise ideals. |
71:3.6 (803.6) 3. Kosmisk indsigt, fortolket i forhold til planetariske kendsgerninger, behov og mål. |
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71:3.6 (803.6) 3. Cosmic insight interpreted in terms of planetary facts, needs, and goals. |
71:3.7 (803.7) Idealstatens love er fåtallige, og de har forladt den negativistiske tabualder til fordel for en æra med positiv udvikling af individuel frihed som følge af øget selvkontrol. Den ophøjede stat tvinger ikke kun sine borgere til at arbejde, men lokker dem også til en rentabel og opløftende udnyttelse af den stigende fritid, som er resultatet af den fremadskridende maskinalders frigørelse af arbejde. Fritiden skal både producere og forbruge. |
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71:3.7 (803.7) The laws of the ideal state are few in number, and they have passed out of the negativistic taboo age into the era of the positive progress of individual liberty consequent upon enhanced self-control. The exalted state not only compels its citizens to work but also entices them into profitable and uplifting utilization of the increasing leisure which results from toil liberation by the advancing machine age. Leisure must produce as well as consume. |
71:3.8 (803.8) Intet samfund er kommet særlig langt, når det tillader lediggang eller tolererer fattigdom. Men fattigdom og afhængighed kan aldrig elimineres, hvis de defekte og degenererede befolkningsgrupper frit understøttes og får lov til at reproducere sig uden begrænsninger. |
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71:3.8 (803.8) No society has progressed very far when it permits idleness or tolerates poverty. But poverty and dependence can never be eliminated if the defective and degenerate stocks are freely supported and permitted to reproduce without restraint. |
71:3.9 (803.9) Et moralsk samfund bør sigte mod at bevare borgernes selvrespekt og give ethvert normalt individ tilstrækkelige muligheder for selvrealisering. En sådan plan for social udvikling ville skabe et kulturelt samfund af højeste rang. Social udvikling bør opmuntres af et statsligt tilsyn, der udøver et minimum af regulerende kontrol. Den stat er bedst, som koordinerer mest, mens den styrer mindst. |
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71:3.9 (803.9) A moral society should aim to preserve the self-respect of its citizenry and afford every normal individual adequate opportunity for self-realization. Such a plan of social achievement would yield a cultural society of the highest order. Social evolution should be encouraged by governmental supervision which exercises a minimum of regulative control. That state is best which co-ordinates most while governing least. |
71:3.10 (803.10) Statsdannelsens idealer må opnås gennem evolution, gennem den langsomme vækst i borgerbevidstheden, erkendelsen af forpligtelsen og privilegiet ved social tjeneste. Først påtager mennesker sig regeringens byrder som en pligt efter afslutningen på administrationen af politiske ødelæggere, men senere søger de en sådan tjeneste som et privilegium, som den største ære. Et hvilket som helst civilisationsniveaus status afspejles trofast af kvaliteten af de borgere, der frivilligt påtager sig statsskabets ansvar. |
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71:3.10 (803.10) The ideals of statehood must be attained by evolution, by the slow growth of civic consciousness, the recognition of the obligation and privilege of social service. At first men assume the burdens of government as a duty, following the end of the administration of political spoilsmen, but later on they seek such ministry as a privilege, as the greatest honor. The status of any level of civilization is faithfully portrayed by the caliber of its citizens who volunteer to accept the responsibilities of statehood. |
71:3.11 (803.11) I et ægte fællesskab styres byer og provinser af eksperter og administreres på samme måde som alle andre former for økonomiske og kommercielle sammenslutninger af mennesker. |
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71:3.11 (803.11) In a real commonwealth the business of governing cities and provinces is conducted by experts and is managed just as are all other forms of economic and commercial associations of people. |
71:3.12 (803.12) I avancerede stater betragtes politisk tjeneste som borgernes højeste hengivenhed. Den største ambition for de klogeste og ædleste borgere er at opnå civil anerkendelse, at blive valgt eller udnævnt til en regeringspost, og sådanne regeringer giver deres højeste æresbevisninger for tjeneste til deres civile og sociale tjenere. Dernæst tildeles hæder i den nævnte rækkefølge til filosoffer, undervisere, videnskabsfolk, industrifolk og militærfolk. Forældre bliver behørigt belønnet af deres børns dygtighed, og rent religiøse ledere, som er ambassadører for et åndeligt rige, modtager deres virkelige belønning i en anden verden. |
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71:3.12 (803.12) In advanced states, political service is esteemed as the highest devotion of the citizenry. The greatest ambition of the wisest and noblest of citizens is to gain civil recognition, to be elected or appointed to some position of governmental trust, and such governments confer their highest honors of recognition for service upon their civil and social servants. Honors are next bestowed in the order named upon philosophers, educators, scientists, industrialists, and militarists. Parents are duly rewarded by the excellency of their children, and purely religious leaders, being ambassadors of a spiritual kingdom, receive their real rewards in another world. |
4. Den progressiv civilisation ^top |
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4. Progressive Civilization ^top |
71:4.1 (804.1) Økonomi, samfund og regering skal udvikle sig, hvis de skal bestå. Statiske forhold i en evolutionær verden er tegn på forfald; kun de institutioner, der bevæger sig fremad med den evolutionære strøm, består. |
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71:4.1 (804.1) Economics, society, and government must evolve if they are to remain. Static conditions on an evolutionary world are indicative of decay; only those institutions which move forward with the evolutionary stream persist. |
71:4.2 (804.2) Det progressive program for en ekspanderende civilisation omfatter: |
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71:4.2 (804.2) The progressive program of an expanding civilization embraces: |
71:4.3 (804.3) 1. Bevarelse af individuelle frihedsrettigheder. |
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71:4.3 (804.3) 1. Preservation of individual liberties. |
71:4.4 (804.4) 2. Beskyttelse af hjemmet. |
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71:4.4 (804.4) 2. Protection of the home. |
71:4.5 (804.5) 3. Fremme af økonomisk sikkerhed. |
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71:4.5 (804.5) 3. Promotion of economic security. |
71:4.6 (804.6) 4. Forebyggelse af sygdomme. |
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71:4.6 (804.6) 4. Prevention of disease. |
71:4.7 (804.7) 5. Obligatorisk uddannelse. |
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71:4.7 (804.7) 5. Compulsory education. |
71:4.8 (804.8) 6. Obligatorisk beskæftigelse. |
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71:4.8 (804.8) 6. Compulsory employment. |
71:4.9 (804.9) 7. Rentabel udnyttelse af fritid. |
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71:4.9 (804.9) 7. Profitable utilization of leisure. |
71:4.10 (804.10) 8. Omsorg for de uheldigt. |
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71:4.10 (804.10) 8. Care of the unfortunate. |
71:4.11 (804.11) 9. Race forbedring. |
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71:4.11 (804.11) 9. Race improvement. |
71:4.12 (804.12) 10. Fremme af videnskab og kunst. |
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71:4.12 (804.12) 10. Promotion of science and art. |
71:4.13 (804.13) 11. Fremme af filosofi—visdom. |
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71:4.13 (804.13) 11. Promotion of philosophy—wisdom. |
71:4.14 (804.14) 12. Forøgelse af kosmisk indsigt—spiritualitet. |
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71:4.14 (804.14) 12. Augmentation of cosmic insight—spirituality. |
71:4.15 (804.15) Og dette fremskridt i civilisationens kunst fører direkte til realiseringen af de højeste menneskelige og guddommelige mål for dødelig stræben—den sociale opnåelse af menneskets broderskab og den personlige status af Gudsbevidsthed, som bliver åbenbaret i hvert individs højeste ønske om at gøre den himmelske Faders vilje. |
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71:4.15 (804.15) And this progress in the arts of civilization leads directly to the realization of the highest human and divine goals of mortal endeavor—the social achievement of the brotherhood of man and the personal status of God-consciousness, which becomes revealed in the supreme desire of every individual to do the will of the Father in heaven. |
71:4.16 (804.16) Tilsynekomsten af ægte broderskab betyder, at der er kommet en social orden, hvor alle mennesker glæder sig over at bære hinandens byrder; de ønsker faktisk at praktisere den gyldne regel. Men et sådant ideelt samfund kan ikke realiseres, når enten de svage eller de onde ligger på lur for at drage uretfærdig og uhellig fordel af dem, der hovedsageligt er drevet af hengivenhed til at tjene sandhed, skønhed og godhed. I en sådan situation er der kun én praktisk udvej: de, der anvender den “gyldne regel” kan oprette deres eget progressive samfund, hvor de lever i overensstemmelse med deres idealer og samtidig opretholde en tilstrækkelig beskyttelse mod deres formørkede medmennesker, som kan tænkes enten at udnytte deres fredelige forkærlighed eller at ødelægge deres fremrykkende civilisation. |
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71:4.16 (804.16) The appearance of genuine brotherhood signifies that a social order has arrived in which all men delight in bearing one another’s burdens; they actually desire to practice the golden rule. But such an ideal society cannot be realized when either the weak or the wicked lie in wait to take unfair and unholy advantage of those who are chiefly actuated by devotion to the service of truth, beauty, and goodness. In such a situation only one course is practical: The “golden rulers” may establish a progressive society in which they live according to their ideals while maintaining an adequate defense against their benighted fellows who might seek either to exploit their pacific predilections or to destroy their advancing civilization. |
71:4.17 (804.17) Idealisme kan aldrig overleve på en planet i udvikling, hvis idealisterne i hver generation lader sig udrydde af menneskehedens lavere klasser. Og her er idealismens store test: Kan et avanceret samfund opretholde det militære beredskab, som gør det sikkert mod ethvert angreb fra dets krigselskende naboer, uden at give efter for fristelsen til at bruge denne militære styrke i offensive operationer mod andre folk med henblik på selvisk vinding eller national forøgelse? National overlevelse kræver beredskab, og religiøs idealisme alene kan forhindre misbrug af beredskab til aggression. Kun kærlighed, broderskab, kan forhindre de stærke i at undertrykke de svage. |
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71:4.17 (804.17) Idealism can never survive on an evolving planet if the idealists in each generation permit themselves to be exterminated by the baser orders of humanity. And here is the great test of idealism: Can an advanced society maintain that military preparedness which renders it secure from all attack by its war-loving neighbors without yielding to the temptation to employ this military strength in offensive operations against other peoples for purposes of selfish gain or national aggrandizement? National survival demands preparedness, and religious idealism alone can prevent the prostitution of preparedness into aggression. Only love, brotherhood, can prevent the strong from oppressing the weak. |
5. Konkurrencens udvikling ^top |
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5. The Evolution of Competition ^top |
71:5.1 (805.1) Konkurrence er afgørende for social fremgang, men ureguleret konkurrence skaber vold. I det nuværende samfund er konkurrence langsomt ved at fortrænge krig, fordi den bestemmer den enkeltes plads i industrien, såvel som den bestemmer selve industriens overlevelse. (Mord og krig adskiller sig i deres status før morderne, idet mord har været forbudt siden samfundets tidlige dage, mens krig endnu aldrig er blevet forbudt af menneskeheden som helhed). |
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71:5.1 (805.1) Competition is essential to social progress, but competition, unregulated, breeds violence. In current society, competition is slowly displacing war in that it determines the individual’s place in industry, as well as decreeing the survival of the industries themselves. (Murder and war differ in their status before the mores, murder having been outlawed since the early days of society, while war has never yet been outlawed by mankind as a whole.) |
71:5.2 (805.2) Den ideelle stat forpligter sig til kun at regulere social adfærd nok til at fjerne vold fra individuel konkurrence og til at forhindre uretfærdighed i personligt initiativ. Her er et stort problem i statsdannelse: Hvordan kan man garantere fred og ro i industrien, betale de skatter, der understøtter statsmagten, og samtidig forhindre beskatning i at hæmme industrien og forhindre staten i at blive parasitisk eller tyrannisk? |
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71:5.2 (805.2) The ideal state undertakes to regulate social conduct only enough to take violence out of individual competition and to prevent unfairness in personal initiative. Here is a great problem in statehood: How can you guarantee peace and quiet in industry, pay the taxes to support state power, and at the same time prevent taxation from handicapping industry and keep the state from becoming parasitical or tyrannical? |
71:5.3 (805.3) I de tidligere tider af enhver verden er konkurrence afgørende for en progressiv civilisation. Efterhånden som menneskets udvikling skrider frem, bliver samarbejde mere og mere effektivt. I avancerede civilisationer er samarbejde mere effektivt end konkurrence. Det tidlige menneske stimuleres af konkurrence. Den tidlige evolution er kendetegnet ved, at de biologisk egnede overlever, men senere civilisationer fremmes bedre af intelligent samarbejde, forstående broderskab og åndeligt broderskab. |
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71:5.3 (805.3) Throughout the earlier ages of any world, competition is essential to progressive civilization. As the evolution of man progresses, co-operation becomes increasingly effective. In advanced civilizations co-operation is more efficient than competition. Early man is stimulated by competition. Early evolution is characterized by the survival of the biologically fit, but later civilizations are the better promoted by intelligent co-operation, understanding fraternity, and spiritual brotherhood. |
71:5.4 (805.4) Det er sandt, at konkurrence i industrien er overordentlig ødsel og yderst ineffektiv, men intet forsøg på at eliminere denne økonomiske blindgyde bør accepteres, hvis sådanne justeringer medfører selv den mindste afskaffelse af nogen af individets grundlæggende frihedsrettigheder. |
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71:5.4 (805.4) True, competition in industry is exceedingly wasteful and highly ineffective, but no attempt to eliminate this economic lost motion should be countenanced if such adjustments entail even the slightest abrogation of any of the basic liberties of the individual. |
6. Profitmotivet ^top |
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6. The Profit Motive ^top |
71:6.1 (805.5) Nutidens profitmotiverede økonomi er dødsdømt, medmindre profitmotiverne kan suppleres med servicemotiver. Hensynsløs konkurrence baseret på snæversynet egeninteresse er i sidste ende ødelæggende for selv de ting, som den søger at opretholde. Eksklusiv og egoistisk profitmotivation er uforenelig med kristne idealer—og endnu mere uforenelig med Jesu lære. |
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71:6.1 (805.5) Present-day profit-motivated economics is doomed unless profit motives can be augmented by service motives. Ruthless competition based on narrow-minded self-interest is ultimately destructive of even those things which it seeks to maintain. Exclusive and self-serving profit motivation is incompatible with Christian ideals—much more incompatible with the teachings of Jesus. |
71:6.2 (805.6) I økonomi er profitmotivet for servicemotivet, hvad frygt er for kærlighed i religion. Men profitmotivet må ikke pludselig ødelægges eller fjernes; det holder mange ellers dovne dødelige i gang med at arbejde. Det er dog ikke nødvendigt, at denne sociale energipåvirker er evigt egoistisk i sine mål. |
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71:6.2 (805.6) In economics, profit motivation is to service motivation what fear is to love in religion. But the profit motive must not be suddenly destroyed or removed; it keeps many otherwise slothful mortals hard at work. It is not necessary, however, that this social energy arouser be forever selfish in its objectives. |
71:6.3 (805.7) Profitmotivet i økonomiske aktiviteter er helt igennem usselt og fuldstændig uværdigt for en avanceret samfundsorden; ikke desto mindre er det en uundværlig faktor i de tidligere faser af civilisationen. Profitmotivet må ikke fjernes fra mennesker, før de har tilegnet sig højere typer af motiver for økonomisk stræben og samfundstjeneste -der ikke er profitdominerende—den transcendente drift af ophøjet visdom, spændende broderskab og fremragende åndelig opnåelse. |
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71:6.3 (805.7) The profit motive of economic activities is altogether base and wholly unworthy of an advanced order of society; nevertheless, it is an indispensable factor throughout the earlier phases of civilization. Profit motivation must not be taken away from men until they have firmly possessed themselves of superior types of nonprofit motives for economic striving and social serving—the transcendent urges of superlative wisdom, intriguing brotherhood, and excellency of spiritual attainment. |
7. Uddannelse ^top |
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7. Education ^top |
71:7.1 (806.1) Den bestående stat er baseret på kultur, domineret af idealer og motiveret af tjeneste. Formålet med uddannelse bør være at tilegne sig færdigheder, stræbe efter visdom, realisere sig selv og opnå åndelige værdier. |
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71:7.1 (806.1) The enduring state is founded on culture, dominated by ideals, and motivated by service. The purpose of education should be acquirement of skill, pursuit of wisdom, realization of selfhood, and attainment of spiritual values. |
71:7.2 (806.2) I den ideelle stat fortsætter uddannelsen gennem hele livet, og filosofi bliver på et tidspunkt den vigtigste beskæftigelse for dens borgere. Borgerne i et sådant samfund stræber efter visdom som en forbedring af indsigten i betydningen af menneskelige relationer, virkelighedens betydning, værdiernes ædelhed, livets mål og den kosmiske skæbnes herligheder. |
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71:7.2 (806.2) In the ideal state, education continues throughout life, and philosophy sometime becomes the chief pursuit of its citizens. The citizens of such a commonwealth pursue wisdom as an enhancement of insight into the significance of human relations, the meanings of reality, the nobility of values, the goals of living, and the glories of cosmic destiny. |
71:7.3 (806.3) Urantias borgere bør få en vision om et nyt og højere kulturelt samfund. Uddannelse vil nå nye værdiniveauer, når det rent profitmotiverede økonomisystem forsvinder. Uddannelse har alt for længe været lokalistisk, militaristisk, ego-forherligende og succes-søgende; den må i sidste ende blive verdensomspændende, idealistisk, selvrealiserende og kosmisk favnende. |
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71:7.3 (806.3) Urantians should get a vision of a new and higher cultural society. Education will jump to new levels of value with the passing of the purely profit-motivated system of economics. Education has too long been localistic, militaristic, ego exalting, and success seeking; it must eventually become world-wide, idealistic, self-realizing, and cosmic grasping. |
71:7.4 (806.4) Uddannelse er for nylig gået fra præsteskabets kontrol til advokaternes og forretningsmændenes. I sidste ende må den overdrages til filosofferne og videnskabsmændene. Lærerne skal være frie væsener, rigtige ledere, så filosofien, søgen efter visdom, kan blive den vigtigste pædagogiske beskæftigelse. |
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71:7.4 (806.4) Education recently passed from the control of the clergy to that of lawyers and businessmen. Eventually it must be given over to the philosophers and the scientists. Teachers must be free beings, real leaders, to the end that philosophy, the search for wisdom, may become the chief educational pursuit. |
71:7.5 (806.5) Uddannelse er en del af livet; det skal fortsætte gennem hele livet, så menneskeheden gradvist kan opleve de stigende niveauer af dødelig visdom, som er: |
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71:7.5 (806.5) Education is the business of living; it must continue throughout a lifetime so that mankind may gradually experience the ascending levels of mortal wisdom, which are: |
71:7.6 (806.6) 1. Viden om ting. |
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71:7.6 (806.6) 1. The knowledge of things. |
71:7.7 (806.7) 2. Erkendelsen af betydninger. |
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71:7.7 (806.7) 2. The realization of meanings. |
71:7.8 (806.8) 3. Værdsættelse af værdier. |
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71:7.8 (806.8) 3. The appreciation of values. |
71:7.9 (806.9) 4. Det ædle ved at arbejde—pligt. |
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71:7.9 (806.9) 4. The nobility of work—duty. |
71:7.10 (806.10) 5. Motivation af mål—moral. |
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71:7.10 (806.10) 5. The motivation of goals—morality. |
71:7.11 (806.11) 6. Kærlighed til tjeneste—karakter. |
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71:7.11 (806.11) 6. The love of service—character. |
71:7.12 (806.12) 7. Kosmisk indsigt—åndelig dømmekraft. |
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71:7.12 (806.12) 7. Cosmic insight—spiritual discernment. |
71:7.13 (806.13) Og så, ved hjælp af disse præstationer, vil mange stige op til den dødelige ultimative opnåelse af sindet, Gudsbevidsthed. |
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71:7.13 (806.13) And then, by means of these achievements, many will ascend to the mortal ultimate of mind attainment, God-consciousness. |
8. Statdannelsens karakter ^top |
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8. The Character of Statehood ^top |
71:8.1 (806.14) Det eneste hellige træk ved enhver menneskelig regering er opdelingen af staten i de tre domæner: udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende funktioner. Universet administreres i overensstemmelse med en sådan plan for adskillelse af funktioner og autoritet. Bortset fra dette guddommelige koncept om effektiv social regulering eller civil regering, betyder det ikke så meget, hvilken statsform et folk vælger at have, forudsat at borgerne hele tiden udvikler sig mod målet om øget selvkontrol og øget social service. Et folks intellektuelle skarphed, økonomiske visdom, sociale klogskab og moralske udholdenhed afspejles alle trofast i statsdannelsen. |
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71:8.1 (806.14) The only sacred feature of any human government is the division of statehood into the three domains of executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The universe is administered in accordance with such a plan of segregation of functions and authority. Aside from this divine concept of effective social regulation or civil government, it matters little what form of state a people may elect to have provided the citizenry is ever progressing toward the goal of augmented self-control and increased social service. The intellectual keenness, economic wisdom, social cleverness, and moral stamina of a people are all faithfully reflected in statehood. |
71:8.2 (806.15) Udviklingen i statsdannelse indebærer fremskridt fra niveau til niveau, som følger: |
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71:8.2 (806.15) The evolution of statehood entails progress from level to level, as follows: |
71:8.3 (806.16) 1. Oprettelsen af en tredelt styreform, der består af den udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende magt. |
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71:8.3 (806.16) 1. The creation of a threefold government of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. |
71:8.4 (806.17) 2. Frihed til de sociale, politiske og religiøse aktiviteter. |
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71:8.4 (806.17) 2. The freedom of social, political, and religious activities. |
71:8.5 (807.1) 3. Afskaffelse af alle former for slaveri og menneskelige trældom. |
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71:8.5 (807.1) 3. The abolition of all forms of slavery and human bondage. |
71:8.6 (807.2) 4. Borgernes mulighed for at kontrollere opkrævningen af skatter. |
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71:8.6 (807.2) 4. The ability of the citizenry to control the levying of taxes. |
71:8.7 (807.3) 5. Etablering af universel uddannelse—læring udvides fra vugge til grav. |
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71:8.7 (807.3) 5. The establishment of universal education—learning extended from the cradle to the grave. |
71:8.8 (807.4) 6. Korrekt justering mellem lokale og nationale myndigheder. |
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71:8.8 (807.4) 6. The proper adjustment between local and national governments. |
71:8.9 (807.5) 7. Fremme af videnskab og overvindelsen af sygdomme. |
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71:8.9 (807.5) 7. The fostering of science and the conquest of disease. |
71:8.10 (807.6) 8. Anerkendelse af ligestilling mellem kønnene og koordinerede funktioner for mænd og kvinder i hjemmet, i skolen, og kirken, med specialiseret tjeneste for kvinder i industrien og regeringen. |
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71:8.10 (807.6) 8. The due recognition of sex equality and the co-ordinated functioning of men and women in the home, school, and church, with specialized service of women in industry and government. |
71:8.11 (807.7) 9. Afskaffelse af slaveriet ved hjælp af opfindelsen af maskiner og den efterfølgende beherskelse af maskinalderen. |
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71:8.11 (807.7) 9. The elimination of toiling slavery by machine invention and the subsequent mastery of the machine age. |
71:8.12 (807.8) 10. Overvindelsen af dialekter—triumfen for et universelt sprog. |
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71:8.12 (807.8) 10. The conquest of dialects—the triumph of a universal language. |
71:8.13 (807.9) 11. Afskaffelsen af krig—international afgørelse af nationale og racemæssige forskelle ved kontinentale domstole under ledelse af en øverste planetarisk domstol, der automatisk rekrutteres fra de periodisk afgående ledere af de kontinentale domstole. De kontinentale domstole er autoritative; verdensdomstolen er rådgivende—moralsk. |
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71:8.13 (807.9) 11. The ending of war—international adjudication of national and racial differences by continental courts of nations presided over by a supreme planetary tribunal automatically recruited from the periodically retiring heads of the continental courts. The continental courts are authoritative; the world court is advisory—moral. |
71:8.14 (807.10) 12. Den verdensomspændende udbredelse af søgen efter visdom—ophøjelsen af filosofi. Udviklingen af en verdensreligion, der varsler planetens indtræden i de tidligere faser af etableringen i lys og liv. |
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71:8.14 (807.10) 12. The world-wide vogue of the pursuit of wisdom—the exaltation of philosophy. The evolution of a world religion, which will presage the entrance of the planet upon the earlier phases of settlement in light and life. |
71:8.15 (807.11) Det er forudsætningerne for en progressiv regering og karakteristika på en idealistisk stat. Urantia er langt fra realiseringen af disse ophøjede idealer, men de civiliserede racer har gjort en begyndelse—menneskeheden er på vej mod højere evolutionære skæbner. |
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71:8.15 (807.11) These are the prerequisites of progressive government and the earmarks of ideal statehood. Urantia is far from the realization of these exalted ideals, but the civilized races have made a beginning—mankind is on the march toward higher evolutionary destinies. |
71:8.16 (807.12) [Sponsoreret af en Melkisedek i Nebadon.] |
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71:8.16 (807.12) [Sponsored by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.] |