Kapitel 85 |
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Paper 85 |
Tilbedelsens Oprindelse |
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The Origins of Worship |
85:0.1 (944.1) DEN PRIMITIVE religion havde en biologisk oprindelse, en naturlig evolutionær udvikling, bortset fra moralske associationer og bortset fra alle åndelige påvirkninger. De højere dyr har frygt, men ingen illusioner, derfor ingen religion. Mennesket skaber sine primitive religioner ud af sin frygt og ved hjælp af sine illusioner. |
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85:0.1 (944.1) PRIMITIVE religion had a biologic origin, a natural evolutionary development, aside from moral associations and apart from all spiritual influences. The higher animals have fears but no illusions, hence no religion. Man creates his primitive religions out of his fears and by means of his illusions. |
85:0.2 (944.2) I udviklingen af den menneskelige art, forekommer tilbedelse i sine primitive manifestationer længe før menneskets sind er i stand til at formulere de mere komplekse begreber i livet nu og i livet efter dette, som fortjener at blive kaldt religion. Den tidlige religion var helt intellektuel i sin natur, og var udelukkende baseret på de omstændigheder, der gav anledning til ideassociationerne. Objekterne for tilbedelse var helt overvejende resultat af tanke idéer. De bestod af naturlige ting, der var tæt ved hånden, eller som havde en fremtrædende plads blandt de daglige oplevelser hos disse enfoldige primitive Urantianers liv. |
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85:0.2 (944.2) In the evolution of the human species, worship in its primitive manifestations appears long before the mind of man is capable of formulating the more complex concepts of life now and in the hereafter which deserve to be called religion. Early religion was wholly intellectual in nature and was entirely predicated on associational circumstances. The objects of worship were altogether suggestive; they consisted of the things of nature which were close at hand, or which loomed large in the commonplace experience of the simple-minded primitive Urantians. |
85:0.3 (944.3) Efter at religionen havde udviklet sig ud over naturtilbedelse, erhvervede den rødder med åndelig oprindelse, men var alligevel altid betinget af det sociale miljø. Som naturtilbedelsen udviklede sig, forestillede mennesket sig i sine tanker en arbejdsdeling i verden over de dødelige; der var naturens ånder for søer, træer, vandfald, regn, og hundredvis af andre almindelige jordbaserede fænomener. |
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85:0.3 (944.3) When religion once evolved beyond nature worship, it acquired roots of spirit origin but was nevertheless always conditioned by the social environment. As nature worship developed, man’s concepts envisioned a division of labor in the supermortal world; there were nature spirits for lakes, trees, waterfalls, rain, and hundreds of other ordinary terrestrial phenomena. |
85:0.4 (944.4) På et eller andet tidspunkt har dødelige mennesker tilbedt alt på jordens overflade, herunder ham selv. Han har også tilbedt næsten alt tænkelige på himlen, og under overfladen af jorden. De primitive mennesker frygtede alle manifestationer af magt. Han tilbad hvert naturfænomen han ikke kunne forstå. Iagttagelse af stærke naturkræfter, såsom storme, oversvømmelser, jordskælv, jordskred, vulkaner, ild, varme og kulde, gjorde et stort indtryk på det ekspanderende menneskelige sind. De uforklarlige hændelser i livet er stadig betegnet "Guds værk" og "Forsynets mystiske indgriben." |
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85:0.4 (944.4) At one time or another mortal man has worshiped everything on the face of the earth, including himself. He has also worshiped about everything imaginable in the sky and beneath the surface of the earth. Primitive man feared all manifestations of power; he worshiped every natural phenomenon he could not comprehend. The observation of powerful natural forces, such as storms, floods, earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes, fire, heat, and cold, greatly impressed the expanding mind of man. The inexplicable things of life are still termed “acts of God” and “mysterious dispensations of Providence.” |
1. Tilbedelse af sten og bakker ^top |
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1. Worship of Stones and Hills ^top |
85:1.1 (944.5) Det første objekt til at blive tilbedt af det udviklende menneske var en sten. Selv i dag tilbeder katerifolket i det sydlige Indien stadig en sten, ligesom mange stammer i det nordlige Indien. Jakob sov på en sten, fordi han ærede den; han havde til og med selv salvet den. Rachel skjulte en række hellige sten i sit telt. |
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85:1.1 (944.5) The first object to be worshiped by evolving man was a stone. Today the Kateri people of southern India still worship a stone, as do numerous tribes in northern India. Jacob slept on a stone because he venerated it; he even anointed it. Rachel concealed a number of sacred stones in her tent. |
85:1.2 (944.6) Sten gjorde først indtryk på fortidens mennesker som værende ud over det sædvanlige på grund af den måde, som de så pludselig ville dukke op på overfladen af en dyrket mark eller græsareal. Menneskerne tog ikke hensyn til hverken erosion eller konsekvenserne af at jord blev vendt. Sten imponerede også meget de tidlige folkeslag på grund af deres hyppige lighed med dyr. De civiliserede menneskers opmærksomhed henledes på de mange bjerge, hvor klippeformationer meget ofte ligner ansigter på dyr og selv mænd. Det dybeste indtryk gjorde imidlertid meteorstenene, som primitive mennesker så faldende storslået flammende gennem atmosfæren. Et stjerneskud fyldte fortidens mennesker med ærefrygt, og det var nemt for dem at tro, at sådanne flammende striber markerede passage af en ånd på vej til jorden. Ikke under, at folk kom til at tilbede disse fænomener, især når de efterfølgende opdagede meteorerne. Dette førte til en større ærbødighed for alle andre sten. I Bengalen tilbeder mange en meteor, der faldt til jorden i år 1880 e. Kr. |
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85:1.2 (944.6) Stones first impressed early man as being out of the ordinary because of the manner in which they would so suddenly appear on the surface of a cultivated field or pasture. Men failed to take into account either erosion or the results of the overturning of soil. Stones also greatly impressed early peoples because of their frequent resemblance to animals. The attention of civilized man is arrested by numerous stone formations in the mountains which so much resemble the faces of animals and even men. But the most profound influence was exerted by meteoric stones which primitive humans beheld hurtling through the atmosphere in flaming grandeur. The shooting star was awesome to early man, and he easily believed that such blazing streaks marked the passage of a spirit on its way to earth. No wonder men were led to worship such phenomena, especially when they subsequently discovered the meteors. And this led to greater reverence for all other stones. In Bengal many worship a meteor which fell to earth in a.d. 1880. |
85:1.3 (945.1) Alle gamle klaner og stammer havde deres hellige sten, og de fleste moderne folk manifestere en vis veneration for visse typer af sten - deres juveler. En gruppe på fem sten blev æres i Indien; i Grækenland var det en samling på tredive; blandt de røde mennesker var det normalt en cirkel af sten. Romerne kastede altid en sten op i luften, når de påberåber Jupiter. I Indien, selv den dag i dag kan en sten bruges som vidne. I nogle regioner kan en sten anvendes som en talisman af loven, og ved sin prestige kan en lovovertræder trækkes i retten. Almindelige dødelige identificerer ikke altid Guddommen med en genstand med ærbødig ceremoni. Sådanne feticher er mange gange blot symboler på den virkelige genstand for tilbedelse. |
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85:1.3 (945.1) All ancient clans and tribes had their sacred stones, and most modern peoples manifest a degree of veneration for certain types of stones—their jewels. A group of five stones was reverenced in India; in Greece it was a cluster of thirty; among the red men it was usually a circle of stones. The Romans always threw a stone into the air when invoking Jupiter. In India even to this day a stone can be used as a witness. In some regions a stone may be employed as a talisman of the law, and by its prestige an offender can be haled into court. But simple mortals do not always identify Deity with an object of reverent ceremony. Such fetishes are many times mere symbols of the real object of worship. |
85:1.4 (945.2) Fortidens mennesker havde en besynderlig respekt for huller i sten. Sådanne porøse sten skulle være usædvanligt effektive til at kurere sygdomme. Ører blev ikke perforeret for at bære sten, men stenene blev sat ind for at holde øregangene åbne. Selv i moderne tider laver overtroiske personer huller i mønter. I Afrika gør de indfødte stort væsen ud af deres fetich sten. Blandt alle tilbagestående stammer og folkeslag er sten stadig holdt i overtroisk ærbødighed. Sten tilbedelse er selv nu vidt udbredt over hele verden. Gravstenen er et overlevende symbol på billeder og idoler, som blev hugget i sten i forbindelse med troen på spøgelser og ånder af afdøde medmennesker. |
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85:1.4 (945.2) The ancients had a peculiar regard for holes in stones. Such porous rocks were supposed to be unusually efficacious in curing diseases. Ears were not perforated to carry stones, but the stones were put in to keep the ear holes open. Even in modern times superstitious persons make holes in coins. In Africa the natives make much ado over their fetish stones. In fact, among all backward tribes and peoples stones are still held in superstitious veneration. Stone worship is even now widespread over the world. The tombstone is a surviving symbol of images and idols which were carved in stone in connection with beliefs in ghosts and the spirits of departed fellow beings. |
85:1.5 (945.3) Bakke tilbedelse fulgte sten tilbedelse, og de første bakker var æret for store sten formationer. Det blev hurtigt skik at tro, at guderne boede i bjergene, så høje stigninger af jord blev tilbedt af denne yderligere grund. Som tiden gik, blev visse bjerge forbundet med visse guder, og blev derfor hellige. De uvidende og overtroiske aboriginer mente, at huler førte til underverdenen, med sine onde ånder og dæmoner, i modsætning til de bjerge, der blev identificeret med de senere udviklende begreber om godt ånder og guddomme. |
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85:1.5 (945.3) Hill worship followed stone worship, and the first hills to be venerated were large stone formations. It presently became the custom to believe that the gods inhabited the mountains, so that high elevations of land were worshiped for this additional reason. As time passed, certain mountains were associated with certain gods and therefore became holy. The ignorant and superstitious aborigines believed that caves led to the underworld, with its evil spirits and demons, in contrast with the mountains, which were identified with the later evolving concepts of good spirits and deities. |
2. Tilbedelse af planter og træer ^top |
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2. Worship of Plants and Trees ^top |
85:2.1 (945.4) Planter blev først frygtet, og derefter tilbedt på grund af de berusende væsker, der blev afledt derfra. De primitive mennesker mente, at forgiftning gjort dem guddommelig. Det blev antaget, at være noget usædvanligt og helligt i sådan en oplevelse. Selv i moderne tider er alkohol kendt som en "åndelig drik". |
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85:2.1 (945.4) Plants were first feared and then worshiped because of the intoxicating liquors which were derived therefrom. Primitive man believed that intoxication rendered one divine. There was supposed to be something unusual and sacred about such an experience. Even in modern times alcohol is known as “spirits.” |
85:2.2 (945.5) De første tiders mennesker betragtede spirende korn med skræk og overtroisk ærefrygt. Apostlen Paulus var ikke den første til at udlede dybe åndelige lære af spirende korn, og etablerede religiøse overbevisninger på det. |
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85:2.2 (945.5) Early man looked upon sprouting grain with dread and superstitious awe. The Apostle Paul was not the first to draw profound spiritual lessons from, and predicate religious beliefs on, the sprouting grain. |
85:2.3 (945.6) Træ tilbedelses kulter er blandt de ældste religiøse grupper. Alle fortidens ægteskaber blev afholdt under træerne, og når kvinderne ønskede børn, kunne de undertiden findes i skoven kærligt omfavnede en robust eg. Mange planter og træer blev æret på grund af deres reelle eller indbildte medicinske egenskaber. Den vilde mente, at alle kemiske virkninger skyldtes overnaturlige kræfters direkte indflydelse. |
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85:2.3 (945.6) The cults of tree worship are among the oldest religious groups. All early marriages were held under the trees, and when women desired children, they would sometimes be found out in the forest affectionately embracing a sturdy oak. Many plants and trees were venerated because of their real or fancied medicinal powers. The savage believed that all chemical effects were due to the direct activity of supernatural forces. |
85:2.4 (945.7) Ideerne om træets ånder varierede meget blandt forskellige stammer og racer. Nogle træer blev beboet af venligt ånder; andre husede den vildledende og grusomme. Finnerne mente, at de fleste træer var beboet af venlige ånder. Schweizerne stillede sig længe mistænksomme til træerne, og troede, at de indeholdt skumle ånder. Indbyggerne i Indien og det østlige Rusland betragter træets ånder som værende grusomme. Patagonianerne tilbeder stadig træer, ligesom de tidlige semitter. Længe efter at Hebræerne var ophørt med at tilbedelse træerne, fortsatte de med at ære deres forskellige guder i lunde. Undtagen i Kina, så fandtes der over hele verden en kultdyrkelse af livets træ. |
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85:2.4 (945.7) Ideas about tree spirits varied greatly among different tribes and races. Some trees were indwelt by kindly spirits; others harbored the deceptive and cruel. The Finns believed that most trees were occupied by kind spirits. The Swiss long mistrusted the trees, believing they contained tricky spirits. The inhabitants of India and eastern Russia regard the tree spirits as being cruel. The Patagonians still worship trees, as did the early Semites. Long after the Hebrews ceased tree worship, they continued to venerate their various deities in the groves. Except in China, there once existed a universal cult of the tree of life. |
85:2.5 (946.1) Troen på, at vand eller ædelmetaller under jordens overflade kan påvises ved en ønskekvist af træ er et levn fra fortidens træ kulter. Majstangen, juletræet, og overtroiske praksis med banke på træ er en fortsættelse af de gamle skikke, der tilhørte tilbedelse af træet og senere tiders træ kulter. |
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85:2.5 (946.1) The belief that water or precious metals beneath the earth’s surface can be detected by a wooden divining rod is a relic of the ancient tree cults. The Maypole, the Christmas tree, and the superstitious practice of rapping on wood perpetuate certain of the ancient customs of tree worship and the later-day tree cults. |
85:2.6 (946.2) Mange af disse tidligste former for natur veneration blev blandet med de senere udviklende måder at tilbede, men de tidligste former for tilbedelse, der blev aktiveret af sindsånderne var i brug længe inden den nyligt opvågnen religiøse karakter af menneskeheden var blevet fuldt modtagelig over for stimulering af åndelige påvirkninger. |
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85:2.6 (946.2) Many of these earliest forms of nature veneration became blended with the later evolving techniques of worship, but the earliest mind-adjutant-activated types of worship were functioning long before the newly awakening religious nature of mankind became fully responsive to the stimulus of spiritual influences. |
3. Tilbedelse af dyr ^top |
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3. The Worship of Animals ^top |
85:3.1 (946.3) De primitive mennesker havde en ejendommelig og kollegial følelse for de højere dyr. Deres forfædre havde boet med dem og til og med endda parret sig med dem. I det sydlige Asien troede man tidligt, at menneskenes sjæle kom tilbage til jorden i form af dyr. Denne tro var en overlevelse af endnu tidligere praksis med at tilbede dyr. |
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85:3.1 (946.3) Primitive man had a peculiar and fellow feeling for the higher animals. His ancestors had lived with them and even mated with them. In southern Asia it was early believed that the souls of men came back to earth in animal form. This belief was a survival of the still earlier practice of worshiping animals. |
85:3.2 (946.4) De første tiders mennesker æret dyrene for deres magt og deres list. De tænkte sig, at visse skabningers fine lugtesans og de skarpe syn varslede om ånds styring. Dyrene er alle blevet tilbedt af en eller anden race på et eller andet tidspunkt. Blandt dem, der var genstand for tilbedelse var væsener, der blev betragtet som halvt menneske og halvt dyr, såsom kentaurer og havfruer. |
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85:3.2 (946.4) Early men revered the animals for their power and their cunning. They thought the keen scent and the farseeing eyes of certain creatures betokened spirit guidance. The animals have all been worshiped by one race or another at one time or another. Among such objects of worship were creatures that were regarded as half human and half animal, such as centaurs and mermaids. |
85:3.3 (946.5) Hebræerne tilbad slanger frem til tidspunktet for kong Ezekias, og hinduer opretholder stadig venskabelige forbindelser med deres hus slanger. Den kinesiske tilbedelse af dragen er en overlevelse fra slangekulterne. Slangens visdom var et symbol på den græske medicin og er stadig ansat som et emblem af moderne læger. Kunsten at charmere med slanger er blevet overleveret fra tiden af de kvindelige shamaner i slangekærligheds kulten, der, som følge af daglige slangebid, blev immune, faktisk blev ægte gift narkomaner og kunne ikke klare sig uden denne gift. |
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85:3.3 (946.5) The Hebrews worshiped serpents down to the days of King Hezekiah, and the Hindus still maintain friendly relations with their house snakes. The Chinese worship of the dragon is a survival of the snake cults. The wisdom of the serpent was a symbol of Greek medicine and is still employed as an emblem by modern physicians. The art of snake charming has been handed down from the days of the female shamans of the snake love cult, who, as the result of daily snake bites, became immune, in fact, became genuine venom addicts and could not get along without this poison. |
85:3.4 (946.6) Tilbedelsen af insekter og andre dyr blev fremmet af en senere misforståelse af den gyldne regel - gør for andre (enhver form for liv) som du selv ønsker at blive behandlet. Engang troede fortidens mennesker, at alle vindene blev skabt af fuglenes vinger, og derfor både frygtede og tilbad de alle vingede væsner. De tidlige Nordboere troede, at formørkelser var forårsaget af en ulv, der åd en del af solen eller månen. Hinduerne viser ofte Vishnu med hestehoved. Meget ofte står et dyr symbol for en glemt gud eller en forsvundet kult. På et tidligt tidspunkt i den evolutionære religion blev lammet det typiske offerdyr og duen symbolet på fred og kærlighed. |
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85:3.4 (946.6) The worship of insects and other animals was promoted by a later misinterpretation of the golden rule—doing to others (every form of life) as you would be done by. The ancients once believed that all winds were produced by the wings of birds and therefore both feared and worshiped all winged creatures. The early Nordics thought that eclipses were caused by a wolf that devoured a portion of the sun or moon. The Hindus often show Vishnu with a horse’s head. Many times an animal symbol stands for a forgotten god or a vanished cult. Early in evolutionary religion the lamb became the typical sacrificial animal and the dove the symbol of peace and love. |
85:3.5 (946.7) I religionen kan symbolisme være enten god eller dårlig, afhængig af, i hvilket omfang, symbolet fortrænger eller ikke fortrænger den oprindelige tilbedende idé. Symbolik må ikke forveksles med direkte afgudsdyrkelse, hvor det materiale objekt er direkte og faktisk tilbedt. |
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85:3.5 (946.7) In religion, symbolism may be either good or bad just to the extent that the symbol does or does not displace the original worshipful idea. And symbolism must not be confused with direct idolatry wherein the material object is directly and actually worshiped. |
4. Tilbedelse af naturelementer ^top |
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4. Worship of the Elements ^top |
85:4.1 (946.8) Menneskeheden har tilbedt jord, luft, vand og ild. De primitive racer ærede kilder og tilbad floder. Selv nu blomstrer en indflydelsesrig flod kult i Mongoliet. Dåben blev en religiøs ceremoni i Babylon, og Creeks indianerne praktiserede det årlige ritual bad. Det var let for fortidens mennesker at forestille sig, at ånderne boede i de boblende kilder, fossende springvand, strømmende floder og skummende strømme. De bevægelige vande imponeret kraftigt disse simple sind med overbevisning om ånde besættelse og overnaturlig magt. Nogle gange kunne en druknende mand blive nægtet undsætning af frygt for at fornærme en flod gud. |
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85:4.1 (946.8) Mankind has worshiped earth, air, water, and fire. The primitive races venerated springs and worshiped rivers. Even now in Mongolia there flourishes an influential river cult. Baptism became a religious ceremonial in Babylon, and the Greeks practiced the annual ritual bath. It was easy for the ancients to imagine that the spirits dwelt in the bubbling springs, gushing fountains, flowing rivers, and raging torrents. Moving waters vividly impressed these simple minds with beliefs of spirit animation and supernatural power. Sometimes a drowning man would be refused succor for fear of offending some river god. |
85:4.2 (947.1) Mange ting og talrige hændelser har fungeret som religiøse stimuli til forskellige folkeslag i forskellige tidsaldre. En regnbue er endnu tilbedt af mange bjergstammer i Indien. I både Indien og Afrika forestiller mennesker sig at regnbuen er en gigantisk himmelsk slange. Hebræerne og kristne betragter den som "løftebuen." Ligeledes kan påvirkninger som er velgørende i én del af verden ses som ondartet i andre regioner. Østenvinden er en gud i Sydamerika, for den bringer regn; i Indien er den en djævel, fordi den bringer støv og forårsager tørke. Fortidens beduiner mente, at en naturlig ånd frembragte sandhvirvler, og selv på Moses tid var troen på naturens ånder stærk nok til at sikre deres overbevisning i hebraisk teologi om engle af ild, vand og luft. |
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85:4.2 (947.1) Many things and numerous events have functioned as religious stimuli to different peoples in different ages. A rainbow is yet worshiped by many of the hill tribes of India. In both India and Africa the rainbow is thought to be a gigantic celestial snake; Hebrews and Christians regard it as “the bow of promise.” Likewise, influences regarded as beneficent in one part of the world may be looked upon as malignant in other regions. The east wind is a god in South America, for it brings rain; in India it is a devil because it brings dust and causes drought. The ancient Bedouins believed that a nature spirit produced the sand whirls, and even in the times of Moses belief in nature spirits was strong enough to insure their perpetuation in Hebrew theology as angels of fire, water, and air. |
85:4.3 (947.2) Skyer, regn og hagl er alle blevet frygtet og tilbedt af mange primitive stammer og ved mange af de tidlige naturkulter. Storme med torden og lyn skræmte fortidens mennesker. Disse naturelementers forstyrrelser imponerede mennesket, at torden blev betragtet som talerør for en vred gud. Tilbedelsen af ild og frygten for lyn var knyttet sammen og var udbredt blandt mange tidlige grupper. |
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85:4.3 (947.2) Clouds, rain, and hail have all been feared and worshiped by numerous primitive tribes and by many of the early nature cults. Windstorms with thunder and lightning overawed early man. He was so impressed with these elemental disturbances that thunder was regarded as the voice of an angry god. The worship of fire and the fear of lightning were linked together and were widespread among many early groups. |
85:4.4 (947.3) Ilden var blandet op med magi i hovederne på primitive dødelige tyranniseret af frygt. En tilhænger af magi vil levende huske et positiv tilfældigt resultat i praksis af hans magiske formler, mens han skødeløst glemmer snesevis af negative resultater, komplette fiaskoer. Ærbødighed for ilden nåede sit højdepunkt i Persien, hvor den længe varede. Nogle stammer tilbad ild, som en guddom i sig selv; andre beundrede det som et flammende symbol på rensning og forløsning af ånden hos de guddomme som de ærede. Vestaliske jomfruer blev pålagt pligten til at våge over den hellige ild, og i det tyvende århundrede brænder stearinlys stadig som en del af ritualet i mange gudstjenester. |
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85:4.4 (947.3) Fire was mixed up with magic in the minds of primitive fear-ridden mortals. A devotee of magic will vividly remember one positive chance result in the practice of his magic formulas, while he nonchalantly forgets a score of negative results, out-and-out failures. Fire reverence reached its height in Persia, where it long persisted. Some tribes worshiped fire as a deity itself; others revered it as the flaming symbol of the purifying and purging spirit of their venerated deities. Vestal virgins were charged with the duty of watching sacred fires, and in the twentieth century candles still burn as a part of the ritual of many religious services. |
5. Tilbedelsen af himmellegemer ^top |
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5. Worship of the Heavenly Bodies ^top |
85:5.1 (947.4) Tilbedelsen af klipper, bakker, træer og dyr udviklede sig naturligt videre op gennem en ivrig ærefrygt af naturens elementer til en guddommeliggørelse af solen, månen og stjernerne. I Indien og andre steder betragtes stjernerne som de forherligede store mænds sjæle, som har taget afsked med livet i kødet. Tilhængerne af den kaldæiske stjerne kult betragtede sig selv som himmelfaderens og moder jords børn. |
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85:5.1 (947.4) The worship of rocks, hills, trees, and animals naturally developed up through fearful veneration of the elements to the deification of the sun, moon, and stars. In India and elsewhere the stars were regarded as the glorified souls of great men who had departed from the life in the flesh. The Chaldean star cultists considered themselves to be the children of the sky father and the earth mother. |
85:5.2 (947.5) Tilbedelse af månen gik forud for soldyrkelse. Tilbedelse af månen var på sit højeste under jægerstadiet, mens tilbedelse af solen blev den ledende religiøs ceremoni i løbet af de efterfølgende tidsaldre, som kendetegnes af landbruget. Soldyrkelse slog først omfattende rod i Indien, og der varede den længst. I Persien gav sol dyrkelsen anledning til den senere Mitras kult. Blandt mange folkeslag blev solen betragtet som stamfader til deres konger. Kaldæerne satte solen i centrum af "de syv kredse i universet." Senere civilisationer hædret solen ved at give dens navn til den første dag i ugen. |
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85:5.2 (947.5) Moon worship preceded sun worship. Veneration of the moon was at its height during the hunting era, while sun worship became the chief religious ceremony of the subsequent agricultural ages. Solar worship first took extensive root in India, and there it persisted the longest. In Persia sun veneration gave rise to the later Mithraic cult. Among many peoples the sun was regarded as the ancestor of their kings. The Chaldeans put the sun in the center of “the seven circles of the universe.” Later civilizations honored the sun by giving its name to the first day of the week. |
85:5.3 (947.6) Solguden skulle være den mystiske fader til de jomfru-fødte sønner af skæbnen, om hvem man troede at de fra tid til anden er skænket som frelsere for begunstigede racer. Disse overnaturlige spædbørn var altid fundet drivende på nogle hellige floder, hvorfra de blev reddet på en ekstraordinær måde, hvorefter de ville vokse op til at blive mirakuløse personligheder og deres folks befrier. |
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85:5.3 (947.6) The sun god was supposed to be the mystic father of the virgin-born sons of destiny who ever and anon were thought to be bestowed as saviors upon favored races. These supernatural infants were always put adrift upon some sacred river to be rescued in an extraordinary manner, after which they would grow up to become miraculous personalities and the deliverers of their peoples. |
6. Tilbedelse af mennesket ^top |
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6. Worship of Man ^top |
85:6.1 (948.1) Efter at have tilbedt alt andet på jordens overflade og i ovenstående himlen, har mennesket ikke tøvet med at ære sig selv med en sådan tilbedelse. Den enfoldige vilde skelner ikke klart mellem dyr, mænd og guder. |
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85:6.1 (948.1) Having worshiped everything else on the face of the earth and in the heavens above, man has not hesitated to honor himself with such adoration. The simple-minded savage makes no clear distinction between beasts, men, and gods. |
85:6.2 (948.2) De tidlige mennesker betragtede alle usædvanlige personer som overmenneskelig, og de frygtede sådanne væsener ved at at holde dem i ærbødig ærefrygt; til en vis grad tilbad dem bogstaveligt. Selv det at få tvillinger blev betragtet som værende enten meget heldig eller meget uheldig. Galninge, epileptikere og de evnesvage blev ofte tilbedt af deres normale sindede medmennesker, der troede, at guderne havde taget bolig i disse unormale skabninger. Præster, konger og profeter blev tilbedt; hellige gamle mænd blev anset for at være inspireret af guder. |
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85:6.2 (948.2) Early man regarded all unusual persons as superhuman, and he so feared such beings as to hold them in reverential awe; to some degree he literally worshiped them. Even having twins was regarded as being either very lucky or very unlucky. Lunatics, epileptics, and the feeble-minded were often worshiped by their normal-minded fellows, who believed that such abnormal beings were indwelt by the gods. Priests, kings, and prophets were worshiped; the holy men of old were looked upon as inspired by the deities. |
85:6.3 (948.3) Stammehøvdingene døde og blev guddommeliggjort. Senere, når fornemme sjæle døde blev de erklæret for helgen. Uden hjælp kunne evolutionen aldrig give oprindelse til guder, som stod højere end afdøde forherliget mennesker, ophøjede og udviklede ånder. I begyndelsen af evolutionens gang skabte religionen sine egne guder. Under åbenbarelsens gang formulerer Guderne religionen. Den evolutionære religion skaber sine guder i billede og lighed til det dødelige menneske. Åbenbarende religion søger at udvikle og omdanne det dødelige menneske i Guds billede og lighed. |
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85:6.3 (948.3) Tribal chiefs died and were deified. Later, distinguished souls passed on and were sainted. Unaided evolution never originated gods higher than the glorified, exalted, and evolved spirits of deceased humans. In early evolution religion creates its own gods. In the course of revelation the Gods formulate religion. Evolutionary religion creates its gods in the image and likeness of mortal man; revelatory religion seeks to evolve and transform mortal man into the image and likeness of God. |
85:6.4 (948.4) Spøgelses guder, antages at have en menneskelig oprindelse, bør skelnes fra naturens guder, for naturtilbedelse udvikler en familie af guder - naturens ånder, der var forhøjede til status af guder. Naturkulter fortsatte med at udvikle sig sideløbende med de senere fremkommende spøgelses kulter, og hver udøvede en indflydelse på den anden. Mange religiøse systemer omfattede et dobbelt begreb om guddom, naturens guder og spøgelses guder; i nogle teologier blev disse begreber forvirrende sammenflettede, som er illustreret af Thor, en spøgelses helt, der også var lynets herre. |
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85:6.4 (948.4) The ghost gods, who are of supposed human origin, should be distinguished from the nature gods, for nature worship did evolve a pantheon—nature spirits elevated to the position of gods. The nature cults continued to develop along with the later appearing ghost cults, and each exerted an influence upon the other. Many religious systems embraced a dual concept of deity, nature gods and ghost gods; in some theologies these concepts are confusingly intertwined, as is illustrated by Thor, a ghost hero who was also master of the lightning. |
85:6.5 (948.5) Tilbedelsen af mennesket nåede sit højdepunkt, da de jordiske herskere befalede en sådan hyldest fra deres undersåtter, og som grundlag for sådanne krav, hævdede en guddommelig afstamning. |
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85:6.5 (948.5) But the worship of man by man reached its height when temporal rulers commanded such veneration from their subjects and, in substantiation of such demands, claimed to have descended from deity. |
7. Tilbedelse og visdommens sindsånder ^top |
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7. The Adjutants of Worship and Wisdom ^top |
85:7.1 (948.6) Natur tilbedelse kan synes at være opstået naturligt og spontant i hovederne på primitive mænd og kvinder, og det gjorde den; men i hele tid virkede der i disse samme primitive sind den sjette sindsånd, som var blevet skænket til disse folk som en styrende indflydelse i denne fase af den menneskelige evolution. Denne ånd stimulerede konstant behovet for tilbedelse, uanset hvor primitive de første manifestationer kunne være. Tilbedelse i ånden gav konkret oprindelse til den menneskelige impuls til tilbedelse, uanset at dyrisk frygt motiverede det udtryk som andagten fik, og at dens tidligste udøvelse rettede sig mod naturens objekter. |
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85:7.1 (948.6) Nature worship may seem to have arisen naturally and spontaneously in the minds of primitive men and women, and so it did; but there was operating all this time in these same primitive minds the sixth adjutant spirit, which had been bestowed upon these peoples as a directing influence of this phase of human evolution. And this spirit was constantly stimulating the worship urge of the human species, no matter how primitive its first manifestations might be. The spirit of worship gave definite origin to the human impulse to worship, notwithstanding that animal fear motivated the expression of worshipfulness, and that its early practice became centered upon objects of nature. |
85:7.2 (948.7) Man skal huske, at følelse, ikke tanken, var den ledende og kontrollerende indflydelse i al evolutionær udvikling. For det primitive sind var der ikke meget forskel på at være bange, at undvige, at ære og tilbede. |
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85:7.2 (948.7) You must remember that feeling, not thinking, was the guiding and controlling influence in all evolutionary development. To the primitive mind there is little difference between fearing, shunning, honoring, and worshiping. |
85:7.3 (948.8) Når den stærke længsel efter at tilbede er styret og instrueret af visdom - fordybelse og erfaringsmæssige tænkning - så begynder den at udvikle sig til virkelige religion. Når den syvende sindsånd, ånden af visdom, opnår fuld effekt, så begynder mennesket i sin tilbedelse at vende sig væk fra naturen og naturlige objekter til Gud af naturen og til den evige Skaber af alle ting naturlige. |
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85:7.3 (948.8) When the worship urge is admonished and directed by wisdom—meditative and experiential thinking—it then begins to develop into the phenomenon of real religion. When the seventh adjutant spirit, the spirit of wisdom, achieves effective ministration, then in worship man begins to turn away from nature and natural objects to the God of nature and to the eternal Creator of all things natural. |
85:7.4 (949.1) [Præsenteret af en Lysende Aftenstjerne i Nebadon.] |
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85:7.4 (949.1) [Presented by a Brilliant Evening Star of Nebadon.] |