Kapitel 86 |
|
Paper 86 |
Religionens Tidligste Udvikling |
|
Early Evolution of Religion |
86:0.1 (950.1) RELIGIONENS udvikling fra den forudgående og primitive tilbedelsestrang er ikke afhængig af åbenbaring. Menneskesindets normale funktion under den styrende indflydelse fra den sjette og syvende sindshjælper fra den universelle åndsoverdragelse er fuldt ud tilstrækkelig til at sikre en sådan udvikling. |
|
86:0.1 (950.1) THE evolution of religion from the preceding and primitive worship urge is not dependent on revelation. The normal functioning of the human mind under the directive influence of the sixth and seventh mind-adjutants of universal spirit bestowal is wholly sufficient to insure such development. |
86:0.2 (950.2) Menneskets tidligste førreligiøse frygt for naturens kræfter blev gradvist religiøs, efterhånden som naturen blev personliggjort, åndeliggjort, og til sidst guddommeliggjort i menneskets bevidsthed. Religion af en primitiv type var derfor en naturlig biologisk konsekvens af den psykologiske inerti i dyrenes udviklende sind, efter at disse sind engang havde haft forestillinger om det overnaturlige. |
|
86:0.2 (950.2) Man’s earliest prereligious fear of the forces of nature gradually became religious as nature became personalized, spiritized, and eventually deified in human consciousness. Religion of a primitive type was therefore a natural biologic consequence of the psychologic inertia of evolving animal minds after such minds had once entertained concepts of the supernatural. |
1. Chance: held og uheld ^top |
|
1. Chance: Good Luck and Bad Luck ^top |
86:1.1 (950.3) Bortset fra den naturlige tilbedelsestrang, havde den tidlige evolutionære religion sine oprindelses rødder i de menneskelige erfaringer af chancen—såkaldt held, banale hændelser. De primitive mennesker jagede for at få føde. Resultaterne af jagt varierer nødvendigvis altid, og dette giver helt sikkert oprindelse til de erfaringer, som mennesket fortolker som held og uheld. Uheld var en stor faktor i livet for de mænd og kvinder, der konstant levede på den yderste kant af en usikker og stresset tilværelse. |
|
86:1.1 (950.3) Aside from the natural worship urge, early evolutionary religion had its roots of origin in the human experiences of chance—so-called luck, commonplace happenings. Primitive man was a food hunter. The results of hunting must ever vary, and this gives certain origin to those experiences which man interprets as good luck and bad luck. Mischance was a great factor in the lives of men and women who lived constantly on the ragged edge of a precarious and harassed existence. |
86:1.2 (950.4) Den begrænsede intellektuelle horisont af vildmanden, var i høj grad koncentreret på chancen for, at lykken skulle bliver en konstant faktor i hans liv. De primitive Urantia beboere kæmpede for tilværelsen, ikke for en levestandard; de levede et liv i fare, hvor tilfældigheder spillede en vigtig rolle. Den konstante frygt for ukendt og uset ulykker hang over disse vilde som en sky af fortvivlelse, der effektivt overskyggede enhver glæde; de levede i konstant frygt for at gøre noget, der ville bringe uheld. Overtroiske vilde frygtede altid at være heldige; de betragtede heldet som et sikkert forvarsel om ulykke. |
|
86:1.2 (950.4) The limited intellectual horizon of the savage so concentrates the attention upon chance that luck becomes a constant factor in his life. Primitive Urantians struggled for existence, not for a standard of living; they lived lives of peril in which chance played an important role. The constant dread of unknown and unseen calamity hung over these savages as a cloud of despair which effectively eclipsed every pleasure; they lived in constant dread of doing something that would bring bad luck. Superstitious savages always feared a run of good luck; they viewed such good fortune as a certain harbinger of calamity. |
86:1.3 (950.5) Denne allestedsnærværende frygt for uheld var lammende. Hvorfor arbejde hårdt og høste uheld—intet for noget—når man bare kunne fordrive tiden og støde på held og lykke—noget for intet? Ureflekterede mennesker glemmer heldet—tager det for givet—men de husker smerteligt uheldet. |
|
86:1.3 (950.5) This ever-present dread of bad luck was paralyzing. Why work hard and reap bad luck—nothing for something—when one might drift along and encounter good luck—something for nothing? Unthinking men forget good luck—take it for granted—but they painfully remember bad luck. |
86:1.4 (950.6) Fortidens mennesker levede i uvished og i konstant frygt for tilfældigheder—uheld. Livet var en spændende lykkespil; tilværelsen var et hasardspil. Det er ikke underligt, at delvist civiliserede mennesker stadig tror på tilfældigheder og udviser vedvarende tilbøjeligheder til at spille. Det primitive menneske skiftede mellem to stærke interesser: lidenskaben for at få noget for ingenting og frygten for ikke at få noget for noget. Og dette hasardspil om tilværelsen var hovedinteressen og den højeste fascination for det tidlige vilde sind. |
|
86:1.4 (950.6) Early man lived in uncertainty and in constant fear of chance—bad luck. Life was an exciting game of chance; existence was a gamble. It is no wonder that partially civilized people still believe in chance and evince lingering predispositions to gambling. Primitive man alternated between two potent interests: the passion of getting something for nothing and the fear of getting nothing for something. And this gamble of existence was the main interest and the supreme fascination of the early savage mind. |
86:1.5 (951.1) De senere hyrder holdt de samme synspunkter om tilfældigheder og held, mens de endnu senere jordbrugere i højere grad var mere bevidste om, at afgrøderne umiddelbart var påvirket af mange ting, over hvilke mennesket havde lidt eller ingen kontrol. Landmanden befandt sig som offer for tørke, oversvømmelser, hagl, storme, skadedyr og plantesygdomme, samt varme og kulde. Når alle disse naturlige påvirkninger påvirkede individuel velstand, blev de betragtet som held eller uheld. |
|
86:1.5 (951.1) The later herders held the same views of chance and luck, while the still later agriculturists were increasingly conscious that crops were immediately influenced by many things over which man had little or no control. The farmer found himself the victim of drought, floods, hail, storms, pests, and plant diseases, as well as heat and cold. And as all of these natural influences affected individual prosperity, they were regarded as good luck or bad luck. |
86:1.6 (951.2) Denne opfattelse om tilfældighed og held gennemtrængte kraftigt alle fortidens folks filosofi. Selv i nyere tid siges det i Salomons Visdom: “Jeg vendte tilbage og så, at løbet ikke er for den hurtige, ej heller kampen for den stærke, ej heller brød for den kloge, ej heller rigdom for den forstandige, ej heller gunst for den dygtige; men skæbnen og tilfældighederne rammer dem alle. For mennesket kender ikke sin skæbne; som fisk bliver taget i et ondt net, og som fugle bliver fanget i en snare, sådan bliver menneskesønnerne fanget i en ond tid, når den pludselig falder over dem.” |
|
86:1.6 (951.2) This notion of chance and luck strongly pervaded the philosophy of all ancient peoples. Even in recent times in the Wisdom of Solomon it is said: “I returned and saw that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither bread to the wise, nor riches to men of understanding, nor favor to men of skill; but fate and chance befall them all. For man knows not his fate; as fishes are taken in an evil net, and as birds are caught in a snare, so are the sons of men snared in an evil time when it falls suddenly upon them.” |
2. Personaliseringen af chancen ^top |
|
2. The Personification of Chance ^top |
86:2.1 (951.3) Angst var en naturlig tilstand i det vilde sind. Når mænd og kvinder bliver ofre for overdreven angst, vender de simpelthen tilbage til deres fjerne forfædres naturlige tilstand; og når angsten rent faktisk bliver smertefuld, hæmmer den aktivitet og indleder uvægerligt evolutionære ændringer og biologiske tilpasninger. Smerte og lidelse er afgørende for progressiv evolution. |
|
86:2.1 (951.3) Anxiety was a natural state of the savage mind. When men and women fall victims to excessive anxiety, they are simply reverting to the natural estate of their far-distant ancestors; and when anxiety becomes actually painful, it inhibits activity and unfailingly institutes evolutionary changes and biologic adaptations. Pain and suffering are essential to progressive evolution. |
86:2.2 (951.4) Kampen for livet er så smertefuld, at visse tilbagestående stammer endda engang hylede og klagede over hver ny solopgang. Det primitive menneske spurgte konstant, “Hvem plager mig?” Da det ikke kunne finde en materiel kilde til sin elendighed, valgte det en åndelig forklaring. Og sådan blev religion født af frygten for det mystiske, ærefrygten for det usete og frygten for det ukendte. Frygt for naturen blev således en faktor i kampen for eksistens, først på grund af tilfældigheder og derefter på grund af mysterier. |
|
86:2.2 (951.4) The struggle for life is so painful that certain backward tribes even yet howl and lament over each new sunrise. Primitive man constantly asked, “Who is tormenting me?” Not finding a material source for his miseries, he settled upon a spirit explanation. And so was religion born of the fear of the mysterious, the awe of the unseen, and the dread of the unknown. Nature fear thus became a factor in the struggle for existence first because of chance and then because of mystery. |
86:2.3 (951.5) Det primitive sind var logisk, men indeholdt kun få ideer på en intelligent måde; det vilde sind var uuddannede, helt ukompliceret. Hvis en begivenhed fulgte en anden, anså den vilde dem for at være årsag og virkning. Hvad civiliserede menneske betragter som overtro var blot almindelig uvidenhed i den vilde. Menneskeheden har været langsom til at lære, at der ikke nødvendigvis er nogen sammenhæng mellem formål og resultater. Mennesket er kun lige begyndt at indse, at eksistensens reaktioner opstår mellem handlinger og deres konsekvenser. Den vilde stræber efter at personliggøre alt uhåndgribeligt og abstrakt, og derfor bliver både naturen og tilfældighederne personliggjort som spøgelser—ånder—og senere som guder. |
|
86:2.3 (951.5) The primitive mind was logical but contained few ideas for intelligent association; the savage mind was uneducated, wholly unsophisticated. If one event followed another, the savage considered them to be cause and effect. What civilized man regards as superstition was just plain ignorance in the savage. Mankind has been slow to learn that there is not necessarily any relationship between purposes and results. Human beings are only just beginning to realize that the reactions of existence appear between acts and their consequences. The savage strives to personalize everything intangible and abstract, and thus both nature and chance become personalized as ghosts—spirits—and later on as gods. |
86:2.4 (951.6) Mennesker har en naturlig tendens til at tro, at det han anser som bedst for ham, er det, som er i hans umiddelbare eller fjerne interesse; egeninteresse tilslører i vid udstrækning logik. Forskellen mellem vilde og civiliserede menneskers sind er mere et spørgsmål om indhold end om natur, det er mere en gradsforskel snarere end om kvalitet. |
|
86:2.4 (951.6) Man naturally tends to believe that which he deems best for him, that which is in his immediate or remote interest; self-interest largely obscures logic. The difference between the minds of savage and civilized men is more one of content than of nature, of degree rather than of quality. |
86:2.5 (951.7) Men at fortsætte med at tilskrive ting, der er svære at forstå, overnaturlige årsager, er intet mindre end en doven og bekvem måde at undgå alle former for intellektuelt hårdt arbejde på. Held er blot et udtryk, der er opfundet for at dække over det uforklarlige i enhver tidsalder af menneskets eksistens; det betegner de fænomener, som mennesket ikke er i stand til eller ikke ønsker at gennemskue. Tilfældighed er et ord, der betyder, at mennesket er for uvidende eller for sløvt til at bestemme årsager. Mennesker betragter kun en naturbegivenhed som et uheld eller en ulykke, når de er blottet for nysgerrighed og fantasi, når racerne mangler initiativ og eventyrlyst. Udforskning af livets fænomener ødelægger før eller siden menneskets tro på tilfældigheder, held og såkaldte ulykker og erstatter det med et univers af lov og orden, hvor alle virkninger er forudgående for bestemte årsager. Således erstattes frygten for tilværelsen af glæden ved at leve. |
|
86:2.5 (951.7) But to continue to ascribe things difficult of comprehension to supernatural causes is nothing less than a lazy and convenient way of avoiding all forms of intellectual hard work. Luck is merely a term coined to cover the inexplicable in any age of human existence; it designates those phenomena which men are unable or unwilling to penetrate. Chance is a word which signifies that man is too ignorant or too indolent to determine causes. Men regard a natural occurrence as an accident or as bad luck only when they are destitute of curiosity and imagination, when the races lack initiative and adventure. Exploration of the phenomena of life sooner or later destroys man’s belief in chance, luck, and so-called accidents, substituting therefor a universe of law and order wherein all effects are preceded by definite causes. Thus is the fear of existence replaced by the joy of living. |
86:2.6 (952.1) De vilde betragtede al natur som levende, som besat af noget. Det civiliserede menneske sparker stadig og forbander de døde ting, der kommer i vejen for ham, og støder ind i ham. Det primitive menneske betragtede aldrig noget så tilfældig; altid var alt tilsigtet. For det primitive menneske var skæbnens domæne, lykkens funktion, åndeverdenen, lige så uorganiseret og tilfældig, som det primitive samfund. Heldet blev betragtet som åndeverdenens lunefulde og temperamentsfulde reaktion; senere, som gudernes humor |
|
86:2.6 (952.1) The savage looked upon all nature as alive, as possessed by something. Civilized man still kicks and curses those inanimate objects which get in his way and bump him. Primitive man never regarded anything as accidental; always was everything intentional. To primitive man the domain of fate, the function of luck, the spirit world, was just as unorganized and haphazard as was primitive society. Luck was looked upon as the whimsical and temperamental reaction of the spirit world; later on, as the humor of the gods. |
86:2.7 (952.2) Men alle religioner udviklede sig ikke fra animisme. Andre opfattelser af det overnaturlige var samtidige med animismen, og disse overbevisninger førte også til tilbedelse. Naturalisme er ikke en religion—det er religionens afkom. |
|
86:2.7 (952.2) But all religions did not develop from animism. Other concepts of the supernatural were contemporaneous with animism, and these beliefs also led to worship. Naturalism is not a religion—it is the offspring of religion. |
3. Døden—den uforklarlige ^top |
|
3. Death—The Inexplicable ^top |
86:3.1 (952.3) Døden var det største chok for det udviklende menneske, den mest forvirrende kombination af tilfældighed og mysterium. Det var ikke livets ukrænkelighed, men dødens chok, der inspirerede til frygt og dermed effektivt fostrede religion. Blandt vilde folkeslag var døden normalt en følge af vold, så ikke-voldelig død blev mere og mere mystisk. Døden som en naturlig og forventet afslutning på livet stod ikke klart for de primitive menneskers bevidsthed, og det har krævet mange tidsaldre for mennesket at indse dens uundgåelighed. |
|
86:3.1 (952.3) Death was the supreme shock to evolving man, the most perplexing combination of chance and mystery. Not the sanctity of life but the shock of death inspired fear and thus effectively fostered religion. Among savage peoples death was ordinarily due to violence, so that nonviolent death became increasingly mysterious. Death as a natural and expected end of life was not clear to the consciousness of primitive people, and it has required age upon age for man to realize its inevitability. |
86:3.2 (952.4) Det tidlige menneske accepterede livet som en kendsgerning, mens det betragtede døden som et besøg af en slags. Alle racer har deres legender om mænd, der ikke døde, rudimentære traditioner for den tidlige holdning til døden. I menneskets sind eksisterede der allerede en tåget forestilling om en uklar og uorganiseret åndeverden, et domæne, hvorfra alt det uforklarlige i menneskelivet kom, og døden blev føjet til denne lange liste af uforklarlige fænomener. |
|
86:3.2 (952.4) Early man accepted life as a fact, while he regarded death as a visitation of some sort. All races have their legends of men who did not die, vestigial traditions of the early attitude toward death. Already in the human mind there existed the nebulous concept of a hazy and unorganized spirit world, a domain whence came all that is inexplicable in human life, and death was added to this long list of unexplained phenomena. |
86:3.3 (952.5) Al menneskelig sygdom og naturlig død blev først anset for at skyldes åndelig indflydelse. Selv på nuværende tidspunkt betragter nogle civiliserede racer sygdom som værende frembragt af “fjenden” og er afhængige af religiøse ceremonier for at opnå helbredelse. Senere og mere komplekse teologiske systemer tilskriver stadig døden åndeverdenens påvirkning, hvilket alt sammen har ført til doktriner som arvesynden og syndefaldet. |
|
86:3.3 (952.5) All human disease and natural death was at first believed to be due to spirit influence. Even at the present time some civilized races regard disease as having been produced by “the enemy” and depend upon religious ceremonies to effect healing. Later and more complex systems of theology still ascribe death to the action of the spirit world, all of which has led to such doctrines as original sin and the fall of man. |
86:3.4 (952.6) Det var erkendelsen af afmagt over for naturens mægtige kræfter, sammen med erkendelsen af menneskelig svaghed over for sygdommens og dødens besøg, der fik den vilde til at søge hjælp fra den overmaterielle verden, som han vagt visualiserede som kilden til disse mystiske omskiftelser i livet. |
|
86:3.4 (952.6) It was the realization of impotency before the mighty forces of nature, together with the recognition of human weakness before the visitations of sickness and death, that impelled the savage to seek for help from the supermaterial world, which he vaguely visualized as the source of these mysterious vicissitudes of life. |
4. Opfattelsen af død og overlevelse ^top |
|
4. The Death-Survival Concept ^top |
86:4.1 (952.7) Opfattelsen om, at de dødeliges personlighed har en overmateriel fase blev født af den ubevidste og rent tilfældige sammenslutning af hverdagens begivenheder plus spøgelsesdrømme. Når flere medlemmer af en stamme samtidig drømte om en afdød høvding, syntes det at være et overbevisende bevis på, at den gamle høvding virkelig var vendt tilbage i en eller anden form. Det hele var meget virkeligt for den vilde, som vågnede op fra sådanne drømme, gennemblødt af sved, rystende og skrigende. |
|
86:4.1 (952.7) The concept of a supermaterial phase of mortal personality was born of the unconscious and purely accidental association of the occurrences of everyday life plus the ghost dream. The simultaneous dreaming about a departed chief by several members of his tribe seemed to constitute convincing evidence that the old chief had really returned in some form. It was all very real to the savage who would awaken from such dreams reeking with sweat, trembling, and screaming. |
86:4.2 (953.1) Troen på et fremtidigt liv havde sin oprindelse i drømmeverden og dette forklarer tendensen til altid at forestille sig det usynlige i form af det synlige. Snart begyndte denne nye spøgelsesdrøms opfattelse om det fremtidige liv, effektivt at bekæmpe dødsfrygten som er forbundet med det biologiske instinkts selvopholdelsesdrift. |
|
86:4.2 (953.1) The dream origin of the belief in a future existence explains the tendency always to imagine unseen things in the terms of things seen. And presently this new dream-ghost-future-life concept began effectively to antidote the death fear associated with the biologic instinct of self-preservation. |
86:4.3 (953.2) De tidlige mennesker var også meget optaget over deres ånde, især i kolde klimaer, hvor det optrådte som en sky, når de udåndede. Livets ånde blev betragtet som det eneste fænomen, der adskilte de levende fra de døde. Mennesket vidste, at ånden kunne forlade kroppen, og dets drømme om at gøre alle mulige mærkelige ting mens det sov, overbeviste dem om, at der var noget immaterielt ved et menneske. Den mest primitive idé om den menneskelige sjæl, spøgelset, var afledt af ånde-drøm-idé-systemet. |
|
86:4.3 (953.2) Early man was also much concerned about his breath, especially in cold climates, where it appeared as a cloud when exhaled. The breath of life was regarded as the one phenomenon which differentiated the living and the dead. He knew the breath could leave the body, and his dreams of doing all sorts of queer things while asleep convinced him that there was something immaterial about a human being. The most primitive idea of the human soul, the ghost, was derived from the breath-dream idea-system. |
86:4.4 (953.3) Til sidst opfattede den vilde sig selv som dobbelt—krop og åndedræt. Åndedrættet minus kroppen modsvarede en ånd, et spøgelse. Selv om de havde en meget klar menneskelig oprindelse, blev spøgelser eller ånder betragtet som overmenneskelige. Og denne tro på eksistensen af kropsløse ånder syntes at forklare forekomsten af det usædvanlige, det ekstraordinære, det sjældne og det uforklarlige. |
|
86:4.4 (953.3) Eventually the savage conceived of himself as a double—body and breath. The breath minus the body equaled a spirit, a ghost. While having a very definite human origin, ghosts, or spirits, were regarded as superhuman. And this belief in the existence of disembodied spirits seemed to explain the occurrence of the unusual, the extraordinary, the infrequent, and the inexplicable. |
86:4.5 (953.4) Den primitive doktrin om overlevelse efter døden var ikke nødvendigvis en tro på udødelighed. Væsner, der ikke kunne tælle til over tyve, kunne næppe forestille sig uendelighed og evighed; de tænkte snarere på tilbagevendende inkarnationer. |
|
86:4.5 (953.4) The primitive doctrine of survival after death was not necessarily a belief in immortality. Beings who could not count over twenty could hardly conceive of infinity and eternity; they rather thought of recurring incarnations. |
86:4.6 (953.5) Den orangefarvede race var især tilbøjelig til at tro på sjælevandring og reinkarnation. Denne idé om reinkarnation opstod, da man så afkommets arvelige og karakteristiske lighed med forfædrene. Skikken med at opkalde børn efter bedsteforældre og andre forfædre skyldtes troen på reinkarnation. Nogle senere racer troede, at mennesket døde tre til syv gange. Denne tro (en rest af Adams lære om mansoniaverdnerne), og mange andre rester af åbenbaret religion kan findes blandt det 20. århundredes barbarers ellers absurde doktriner. |
|
86:4.6 (953.5) The orange race was especially given to belief in transmigration and reincarnation. This idea of reincarnation originated in the observance of hereditary and trait resemblance of offspring to ancestors. The custom of naming children after grandparents and other ancestors was due to belief in reincarnation. Some later-day races believed that man died from three to seven times. This belief (residual from the teachings of Adam about the mansion worlds), and many other remnants of revealed religion, can be found among the otherwise absurd doctrines of twentieth-century barbarians. |
86:4.7 (953.6) De tidligere mennesker havde ingen forestillinger om helvede eller fremtidig straf. De vilde betragtede det fremtidige liv ligesom dette, minus alle uheld. Senere omstod forestillingen om en separat skæbne for gode spøgelser og dårlige spøgelser—himlen og helvede. Men da mange primitive racer troede, at mennesket gik ind i næste liv, ligesom han forlod dette, var de ikke særlig glade for tanken om at blive gammel og affældig. De gamle foretrak hellere at blive dræbt, før de blev for svagelige. |
|
86:4.7 (953.6) Early man entertained no ideas of hell or future punishment. The savage looked upon the future life as just like this one, minus all ill luck. Later on, a separate destiny for good ghosts and bad ghosts—heaven and hell—was conceived. But since many primitive races believed that man entered the next life just as he left this one, they did not relish the idea of becoming old and decrepit. The aged much preferred to be killed before becoming too infirm. |
86:4.8 (953.7) Næsten alle grupper havde deres egen idé om spøgelsessjælens skæbne. Grækerne mente, at svage mennesker måtte have svage sjæle; derfor opfandt de Hades som et egnet sted for modtagelse af sådanne blodfattige sjæle; disse magtesløse individer blev også anset for at have kortere skygger. De tidlige Anditer troede, at deres spøgelser vendte tilbage til forfædrenes hjemlande. Kineserne og egyptere troede engang, at sjæl og legeme forblev sammen. Blandt egypterne førte dette til et omhyggeligt gravbyggeri og indsatsen på at bevare kroppen. Selv moderne mennesker forsøger at forhindre forfaldet af de døde kroppe. Hebræerne forestillede sig, at et fantomkopi af individet gik ned til Dødsriget; det kunne ikke vende tilbage til de levendes land. De gjorde dette vigtige fremskridt i læren om sjælens udvikling. |
|
86:4.8 (953.7) Almost every group had a different idea regarding the destiny of the ghost soul. The Greeks believed that weak men must have weak souls; so they invented Hades as a fit place for the reception of such anemic souls; these unrobust specimens were also supposed to have shorter shadows. The early Andites thought their ghosts returned to the ancestral homelands. The Chinese and Egyptians once believed that soul and body remained together. Among the Egyptians this led to careful tomb construction and efforts at body preservation. Even modern peoples seek to arrest the decay of the dead. The Hebrews conceived that a phantom replica of the individual went down to Sheol; it could not return to the land of the living. They did make that important advance in the doctrine of the evolution of the soul. |
5. Opfattelsen om spøgelse og sjælen ^top |
|
5. The Ghost-Soul Concept ^top |
86:5.1 (953.8) Den ikke-materielle del af mennesket har haft mange navne såsom spøgelse, ånd, skygge, fantom, genfærd, og senere sjæl. Sjælen var fortidens menneskers dobbeltgængere i drømmen; det var på enhver måde nøjagtigt ligesom den dødelige selv bortset fra at den ikke reagerede på berøring. Troen på drømmedobbeltgængere førte direkte til opfattelse om, at alle levende og livløse ting havde sjæle ligesom mennesker. Dette koncept havde længe tendens til at forevige troen på natur og ånd; eskimoerne mener stadig, at alt i naturen har en ånd. |
|
86:5.1 (953.8) The nonmaterial part of man has been variously termed ghost, spirit, shade, phantom, specter, and latterly soul. The soul was early man’s dream double; it was in every way exactly like the mortal himself except that it was not responsive to touch. The belief in dream doubles led directly to the notion that all things animate and inanimate had souls as well as men. This concept tended long to perpetuate the nature-spirit beliefs; the Eskimos still conceive that everything in nature has a spirit. |
86:5.2 (954.1) Spøgelsessjælen kunne høres og ses, men ikke røres. Gradvist udviklede og udvidede menneskers drømmelivs aktiviteter sig i denne åndeverden, så at døden omsider blev betragtet som “at opgive spøgelset.” Alle primitive stammer, undtagen dem som kun var en lille smule højere end dyrene, har udviklet et begreb om sjælen. Efterhånden som civilisationen gør fremskridt, ødelægges denne overtroiske opfattelse af sjælen, og mennesket er helt afhængig af åbenbaring og personlig religiøs erfaring for at få sin nye opfattelse af sjælen som en fælles skabelse af det gudkendende dødelige sind og dets indre guddommelige ånd, Tankeretteren. |
|
86:5.2 (954.1) The ghost soul could be heard and seen, but not touched. Gradually the dream life of the race so developed and expanded the activities of this evolving spirit world that death was finally regarded as “giving up the ghost.” All primitive tribes, except those little above animals, have developed some concept of the soul. As civilization advances, this superstitious concept of the soul is destroyed, and man is wholly dependent on revelation and personal religious experience for his new idea of the soul as the joint creation of the God-knowing mortal mind and its indwelling divine spirit, the Thought Adjuster. |
86:5.3 (954.2) Fortidens dødelige kunne normalt ikke skelne begreberne af en iboende ånd i mennesket og sjælen som er af evolutionær natur. De vilde var meget forvirrede over, om spøgelsessjælen havde sin oprindelse i kroppen eller var et udefra kommende indflydelse i besiddelse af kroppen. Fraværet af fornuftige tanker i forvirringens nærvær forklarer de grove uoverensstemmelser i de vildes syn på sjæle, spøgelser og ånder. |
|
86:5.3 (954.2) Early mortals usually failed to differentiate the concepts of an indwelling spirit and a soul of evolutionary nature. The savage was much confused as to whether the ghost soul was native to the body or was an external agency in possession of the body. The absence of reasoned thought in the presence of perplexity explains the gross inconsistencies of the savage view of souls, ghosts, and spirits. |
86:5.4 (954.3) Sjælen blev anset for at være relateret til kroppen som parfumen til blomsten. De gamle troede, at sjælen kunne forlade kroppen på forskellige måder, f.eks: |
|
86:5.4 (954.3) The soul was thought of as being related to the body as the perfume to the flower. The ancients believed that the soul could leave the body in various ways, as in: |
86:5.5 (954.4) 1. Almindelig og forbigående besvimelse. |
|
86:5.5 (954.4) 1. Ordinary and transient fainting. |
86:5.6 (954.5) 2. Sovende, naturlige drømme. |
|
86:5.6 (954.5) 2. Sleeping, natural dreaming. |
86:5.7 (954.6) 3. Koma og bevidstløshed i forbindelse med sygdom og ulykker. |
|
86:5.7 (954.6) 3. Coma and unconsciousness associated with disease and accidents. |
86:5.8 (954.7) 4. Død, permanent afgang. |
|
86:5.8 (954.7) 4. Death, permanent departure. |
86:5.9 (954.8) De vilde betragtede nys som en mislykket forsøg fra sjælen til at flygte fra kroppen. Så det at være vågen og på vagt, kunne forpurre sjælens flugt fra kroppen. Senere, blev nys altid ledsaget af nogle religiøse udtryk, såsom “Gud velsigne dig!” |
|
86:5.9 (954.8) The savage looked upon sneezing as an abortive attempt of the soul to escape from the body. Being awake and on guard, the body was able to thwart the soul’s attempted escape. Later on, sneezing was always accompanied by some religious expression, such as “God bless you!” |
86:5.10 (954.9) I de tidlige stadier af evolutionen blev søvn betragtet som bevis for, at spøgelsessjælen kunne være fraværende fra kroppen, og man troede, at det kunne kaldes tilbage ved at tale eller råbe den sovendes navn. I andre former for bevidstløshed tænkte man at sjælen var længere væk, måske forsøgte—at undslippe den forestående død. Drømme blev betragtet som sjælens oplevelser under søvnen, mens den var midlertidigt fraværende fra kroppen. Den vilde troede af hans drømme var præcis lige så virkelig som en del af hans vågne oplevelser. Fortidens mennesker havde for vane at vække de sovende gradvist, således at sjælen havde tid til at komme tilbage i kroppen. |
|
86:5.10 (954.9) Early in evolution sleep was regarded as proving that the ghost soul could be absent from the body, and it was believed that it could be called back by speaking or shouting the sleeper’s name. In other forms of unconsciousness the soul was thought to be farther away, perhaps trying to escape for good—impending death. Dreams were looked upon as the experiences of the soul during sleep while temporarily absent from the body. The savage believes his dreams to be just as real as any part of his waking experience. The ancients made a practice of awaking sleepers gradually so that the soul might have time to get back into the body. |
86:5.11 (954.10) Ned gennem alle tidsaldrene har mennesket stået i ærefrygt for de natlige visioner, og hebræerne var ingen undtagelse. De troede virkelig, at Gud talte til dem i drømme, på trods af, at Moses afviste dette synspunkt. Moses havde ret, for almindelige drømme er ikke de metoder, som anvendes af personlighederne i den åndelige verden, når de forsøger at kommunikere med materielle væsener. |
|
86:5.11 (954.10) All down through the ages men have stood in awe of the apparitions of the night season, and the Hebrews were no exception. They truly believed that God spoke to them in dreams, despite the injunctions of Moses against this idea. And Moses was right, for ordinary dreams are not the methods employed by the personalities of the spiritual world when they seek to communicate with material beings. |
86:5.12 (954.11) Fortidens mennesker troede, at sjælene kunne trænge ind i dyr eller døde ting. Dette kulminerede i varulve-ideerne om dyreidentifikation. En person kunne være en lovlydig borger om dagen, men når han faldt i søvn, kunne hans sjæl trænge ind i en ulv eller en anden dyr for at strejfer omkring på natlige plyndringer. |
|
86:5.12 (954.11) The ancients believed that souls could enter animals or even inanimate objects. This culminated in the werewolf ideas of animal identification. A person could be a law-abiding citizen by day, but when he fell asleep, his soul could enter a wolf or some other animal to prowl about on nocturnal depredations. |
86:5.13 (955.1) De primitive mennesker mente, at sjælen var forbundet med åndedrættet, og at dens kvaliteter kunne overdrages eller overføres af åndedrættet. Den tapre høvding pustede på det nyfødte barn og gav det derved mod. Blandt de første kristne blev ceremonien, hvor Helligånden blev skænket, ledsaget af åndedræt på kandidaterne. Salmisten sagde: “Ved Herrens ord blev himlene skabt og alle dens skabninger ved et pust fra hans mund.” Det var længe skik, at den ældste søn til at forsøge at fange sin døende fars sidste åndedrag. |
|
86:5.13 (955.1) Primitive men thought that the soul was associated with the breath, and that its qualities could be imparted or transferred by the breath. The brave chief would breathe upon the newborn child, thereby imparting courage. Among early Christians the ceremony of bestowing the Holy Spirit was accompanied by breathing on the candidates. Said the Psalmist: “By the word of the Lord were the heavens made and all the host of them by the breath of his mouth.” It was long the custom of the eldest son to try to catch the last breath of his dying father. |
86:5.14 (955.2) Senere kom skyggen til at blive frygtet og æret på lige fod med åndedrættet. At man spejlede sig i vandet, blev også nogle gange betragtet som et bevis på det dobbelte selv, og spejle blev betragtet med overtroisk ærefrygt. Selv nu vender mange civiliserede mennesker spejlet mod væggen i tilfælde af død. Nogle tilbagestående stammer tror stadig, at det at lave billeder, tegninger, modeller eller afbildninger fjerner hele eller en del af sjælen fra kroppen, og derfor er det forbudt. |
|
86:5.14 (955.2) The shadow came, later on, to be feared and revered equally with the breath. The reflection of oneself in the water was also sometimes looked upon as proof of the double self, and mirrors were regarded with superstitious awe. Even now many civilized persons turn the mirror to the wall in the event of death. Some backward tribes still believe that the making of pictures, drawings, models, or images removes all or a part of the soul from the body; hence such are forbidden. |
86:5.15 (955.3) Sjælen blev generelt identificeret med åndedrættet, men den blev også af forskellige folkeslag lokaliseret i hovedet, håret, hjertet, leveren, blodet og fedtet. At “Abels blod råbte op fra jorden” er et udtryk for, at man engang troede på, at ånden var til stede i blodet. Semitterne lærte, at sjælen boede i kropsfedtet, og blandt mange var det tabu at spise dyrefedt. Hovedjagt var en metode til at fange en fjendes sjæl, og det samme var skalpering. I nyere tid er øjnene blevet betragtet som sjælens vinduer. |
|
86:5.15 (955.3) The soul was generally thought of as being identified with the breath, but it was also located by various peoples in the head, hair, heart, liver, blood, and fat. The “crying out of Abel’s blood from the ground” is expressive of the onetime belief in the presence of the ghost in the blood. The Semites taught that the soul resided in the bodily fat, and among many the eating of animal fat was taboo. Head hunting was a method of capturing an enemy’s soul, as was scalping. In recent times the eyes have been regarded as the windows of the soul. |
86:5.16 (955.4) De, der holdt fast i læren om tre eller fire sjæle, mente, at tabet af én sjæl betød ubehag, to sygdom, tre død. En sjæl boede i åndedrættet, en i hovedet, en i håret, en i hjertet. De syge blev rådet til at spadsere rundt i det fri i håb om at genfinde deres forvildede sjæle. De største af medicinmændene formodedes at kunne bytte en syg persons syge sjæl ud med en ny, “den nye fødsel.” |
|
86:5.16 (955.4) Those who held the doctrine of three or four souls believed that the loss of one soul meant discomfort, two illness, three death. One soul lived in the breath, one in the head, one in the hair, one in the heart. The sick were advised to stroll about in the open air with the hope of recapturing their strayed souls. The greatest of the medicine men were supposed to exchange the sick soul of a diseased person for a new one, the “new birth.” |
86:5.17 (955.5) Badonans børn udviklede en tro på to sjæle, åndedrættet og skyggen. De tidlige Noditiske racer betragtede mennesket som bestående af to personer, sjæl og legeme. Denne filosofi om menneskets eksistens blev senere afspejlet i det græske synspunkt. Grækerne selv troede på tre sjæle; vækstmæssige boede i maven, den dyriske i hjertet og den intellektuelle i hovedet. Eskimoerne tror, at mennesket har tre dele: krop, sjæl og navn. |
|
86:5.17 (955.5) The children of Badonan developed a belief in two souls, the breath and the shadow. The early Nodite races regarded man as consisting of two persons, soul and body. This philosophy of human existence was later reflected in the Greek viewpoint. The Greeks themselves believed in three souls; the vegetative resided in the stomach, the animal in the heart, the intellectual in the head. The Eskimos believe that man has three parts: body, soul, and name. |
6. Spøgelse-ånd miljø ^top |
|
6. The Ghost-Spirit Environment ^top |
86:6.1 (955.6) Mennesket arvede et naturligt miljø, tilegnede sig et socialt miljø, og forestillede sig et spøgelses miljø. Staten er menneskets reaktion på dets naturlige miljø, hjemmet på dets sociale miljø og kirken på dets illusoriske spøgelsesmiljø. |
|
86:6.1 (955.6) Man inherited a natural environment, acquired a social environment, and imagined a ghost environment. The state is man’s reaction to his natural environment, the home to his social environment, the church to his illusory ghost environment. |
86:6.2 (955.7) Meget tidligt i menneskehedens historie blev realiteterne i den imaginære verden af spøgelser og ånder universelt troet, og denne nyligt forestillede åndeverden blev en magt i det primitive samfund. Hele menneskehedens mentale og moralske liv blev for altid ændret af fremkomsten af denne nye faktor i menneskelig tænkning og handling. |
|
86:6.2 (955.7) Very early in the history of mankind the realities of the imaginary world of ghosts and spirits became universally believed, and this newly imagined spirit world became a power in primitive society. The mental and moral life of all mankind was modified for all time by the appearance of this new factor in human thinking and acting. |
86:6.3 (955.8) I denne store forudsætning af illusion og uvidenhed har dødsangst samlet al den efterfølgende overtro og religion hos primitive folkeslag. Dette var menneskets eneste religion op til åbenbaringens tid, og i dag har mange af verdens racer kun denne rå evolutionsreligion. |
|
86:6.3 (955.8) Into this major premise of illusion and ignorance, mortal fear has packed all of the subsequent superstition and religion of primitive peoples. This was man’s only religion up to the times of revelation, and today many of the world’s races have only this crude religion of evolution. |
86:6.4 (955.9) Som evolutionen skred frem, blev held forbundet med gode ånder og uheld med dårlige ånder. Ubehaget ved den tvungne tilpasning til et foranderligt miljø blev betragtet som uheld og som åndernes utilfredshed. Det primitive menneske udviklede langsomt religion ud fra sin medfødte trang til tilbedelse og sin misforståelse af tilfældigheder. Det civiliserede menneske tilbyder forsikringsordninger for at overvinde disse tilfældigheder; moderne videnskab indsætter en aktuar med matematiske beregninger i stedet for fiktive ånder og lunefulde guder. |
|
86:6.4 (955.9) As evolution progressed, good luck became associated with good spirits and bad luck with bad spirits. The discomfort of enforced adaptation to a changing environment was regarded as ill luck, the displeasure of the spirit ghosts. Primitive man slowly evolved religion out of his innate worship urge and his misconception of chance. Civilized man provides schemes of insurance to overcome these chance occurrences; modern science puts an actuary with mathematical reckoning in the place of fictitious spirits and whimsical gods. |
86:6.5 (956.1) Hver generation, der passerer, smiler af sine forfædres tåbelige overtro, mens den fortsætter med at underholde med de tanke- og tilbedelsesfejl, som vil give anledning til yderligere smil hos den oplyste eftertid. |
|
86:6.5 (956.1) Each passing generation smiles at the foolish superstitions of its ancestors while it goes on entertaining those fallacies of thought and worship which will give cause for further smiling on the part of enlightened posterity. |
86:6.6 (956.2) Men endelig var det primitive menneskes sind optaget af tanker, som transcenderede alle dets iboende biologiske drifter; endelig var mennesket ved at udvikle en livskunst baseret på noget mere end reaktion på materielle stimuli. Begyndelsen til en primitiv filosofisk livspolitik var ved at dukke op. En overnaturlig levestandard var ved at dukke op, for hvis åndemaneren i vrede besøger ulykke og i glæde lykke, så må menneskets adfærd reguleres i overensstemmelse hermed. Begrebet rigtigt og forkert havde endelig udviklet sig; og alt dette længe før nogen åbenbaring på jorden. |
|
86:6.6 (956.2) But at last the mind of primitive man was occupied with thoughts which transcended all of his inherent biologic urges; at last man was about to evolve an art of living based on something more than response to material stimuli. The beginnings of a primitive philosophic life policy were emerging. A supernatural standard of living was about to appear, for, if the spirit ghost in anger visits ill luck and in pleasure good fortune, then must human conduct be regulated accordingly. The concept of right and wrong had at last evolved; and all of this long before the times of any revelation on earth. |
86:6.7 (956.3) Med fremkomsten af disse begreber indledtes den lange og spildte kamp for at formilde de evigt utilfredse ånder, den slaviske trældom under evolutionær religiøs frygt, det lange spild af menneskelige kræfter på grave, templer, ofringer og præsteskaber. Det var en forfærdelig og frygtelig pris at betale, men det var det hele værd, for mennesket opnåede derved en naturlig bevidsthed om relativt rigtigt og forkert; den menneskelige etik var født! |
|
86:6.7 (956.3) With the emergence of these concepts, there was initiated the long and wasteful struggle to appease the ever-displeased spirits, the slavish bondage to evolutionary religious fear, that long waste of human effort upon tombs, temples, sacrifices, and priesthoods. It was a terrible and frightful price to pay, but it was worth all it cost, for man therein achieved a natural consciousness of relative right and wrong; human ethics was born! |
7. Den primitive religions funktion ^top |
|
7. The Function of Primitive Religion ^top |
86:7.1 (956.4) Den vilde følte behov for forsikring, og han betalte derfor villigt sine byrdefulde præmier for frygt, overtro, rædsel og præstegaver til sin magiske forsikring mod uheld. Den primitiv religion var simpelthen betaling af præmier på forsikring mod skovens farer; civiliserede mennesker betaler materielle præmier mod arbejdsulykker og risikoen for nutidens livsstil. |
|
86:7.1 (956.4) The savage felt the need of insurance, and he therefore willingly paid his burdensome premiums of fear, superstition, dread, and priest gifts toward his policy of magic insurance against ill luck. Primitive religion was simply the payment of premiums on insurance against the perils of the forests; civilized man pays material premiums against the accidents of industry and the exigencies of modern modes of living. |
86:7.2 (956.5) Det moderne samfund fjernede forsikringsvirksomheden fra præsternes og religionens område, og placere det i økonomiens område. Religion beskæftiger sig i stigende grad med forsikring af livet hinsides graven. Moderne mennesker, i hvert fald dem, der tænker, betaler ikke længere uøkonomiske præmier for at kontrollere heldet. Religion er langsomt ved at stige op på et højere filosofisk niveau i modsætning til dens tidligere funktion som en forsikring mod uheld. |
|
86:7.2 (956.5) Modern society is removing the business of insurance from the realm of priests and religion, placing it in the domain of economics. Religion is concerning itself increasingly with the insurance of life beyond the grave. Modern men, at least those who think, no longer pay wasteful premiums to control luck. Religion is slowly ascending to higher philosophic levels in contrast with its former function as a scheme of insurance against bad luck. |
86:7.3 (956.6) Men disse gamle religiøse ideer forhindrede mennesker i at blive fatalistiske og håbløst pessimistiske; de troede, at de i det mindste kunne gøre noget for at påvirke skæbnen. Spøgelsesfrygtens religion indprentede mennesker, at de måtte regulere deres adfærd, at der var en overmateriel verden, som havde kontrol over menneskets skæbne. |
|
86:7.3 (956.6) But these ancient ideas of religion prevented men from becoming fatalistic and hopelessly pessimistic; they believed they could at least do something to influence fate. The religion of ghost fear impressed upon men that they must regulate their conduct, that there was a supermaterial world which was in control of human destiny. |
86:7.4 (956.7) Moderne civiliserede racer er netop ved at forlade spøgelsesfrygt som en forklaring på held og tilværelsens banale uligheder. Menneskeheden er ved at frigøre sig fra slaveriet ved spøgelses- åndeforklaringen på uheld. Men mens mennesker opgiver den fejlagtige doktrin om en åndelig årsag til livets omskiftelighed, udviser de en overraskende villighed til at acceptere en næsten lige så fejlagtig lære, som byder dem at tilskrive alle menneskelige uligheder til politisk mistilpasning, social uretfærdighed og industriel konkurrence. Men ny lovgivning, øget filantropi og mere industriel reorganisering, hvor godt det end er i sig selv, vil ikke afhjælpe fødslens kendsgerninger og livets ulykker. Kun forståelse af fakta og klog manipulation inden for naturens love vil sætte mennesket i stand til at få, hvad det ønsker, og undgå, hvad det ikke ønsker. Videnskabelig viden, der fører til videnskabelig handling, er den eneste modgift mod såkaldte tilfældige sygdomme. |
|
86:7.4 (956.7) Modern civilized races are just emerging from ghost fear as an explanation of luck and the commonplace inequalities of existence. Mankind is achieving emancipation from the bondage of the ghost-spirit explanation of ill luck. But while men are giving up the erroneous doctrine of a spirit cause of the vicissitudes of life, they exhibit a surprising willingness to accept an almost equally fallacious teaching which bids them attribute all human inequalities to political misadaptation, social injustice, and industrial competition. But new legislation, increasing philanthropy, and more industrial reorganization, however good in and of themselves, will not remedy the facts of birth and the accidents of living. Only comprehension of facts and wise manipulation within the laws of nature will enable man to get what he wants and to avoid what he does not want. Scientific knowledge, leading to scientific action, is the only antidote for so-called accidental ills. |
86:7.5 (957.1) Industri, krig, slaveri og civil regering opstod som reaktion på menneskets sociale udvikling i dets naturlige miljø; religion opstod på samme måde som dets reaktion på det illusoriske miljø i den imaginære spøgelsesverden. Religion var en evolutionær udvikling af selvopretholdelse, og den har fungeret, på trods af at den oprindeligt var fejlagtig i sit koncept og fuldstændig ulogisk. |
|
86:7.5 (957.1) Industry, war, slavery, and civil government arose in response to the social evolution of man in his natural environment; religion similarly arose as his response to the illusory environment of the imaginary ghost world. Religion was an evolutionary development of self-maintenance, and it has worked, notwithstanding that it was originally erroneous in concept and utterly illogical. |
86:7.6 (957.2) Primitiv religion forberedte jorden i det menneskelige sind ved hjælp af den falske frygts magtfulde og frygtindgydende kraft til tildeling af en ægte åndelig kraft af overnaturlig oprindelse, Tankeretteren. De guddommelige Rettere har lige siden arbejdet på at forvandle gudsfrygt til gudskærlighed. Evolutionen er måske langsom, men den er ufejlbarligt effektiv. |
|
86:7.6 (957.2) Primitive religion prepared the soil of the human mind, by the powerful and awesome force of false fear, for the bestowal of a bona fide spiritual force of supernatural origin, the Thought Adjuster. And the divine Adjusters have ever since labored to transmute God-fear into God-love. Evolution may be slow, but it is unerringly effective. |
86:7.7 (957.3) [Præsenteret af en Strålende Aftenstjerne fra Nebadon] |
|
86:7.7 (957.3) [Presented by an Evening Star of Nebadon.] |